How-to Guides

If the goal of saving for retirement is to provide financial security, then a key objective of retirement portfolio management should be generating a stable stream of income while preserving investment principal. Bond laddering is a strategy that may address both aspects of that key objective.
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A bond ladder is a portfolio of bonds with maturity dates that are evenly staggered so that a constant proportion of the bonds can be redeemed at par value each year. By holding bonds to maturity rather than trying to buy and sell them in the secondary market, investors may minimize the potential for losses caused by interest rate volatility and market inefficiency. These losses and transaction costs can be considerable.

Generally speaking, there are two broad types of bond ladders. One can be implemented more or less perpetually for trusts, endowments, and other applications with extended planning horizons. Another form of bond ladder can be implemented for individuals whose personal financial plans might have a definite end-point in mind. Both types of ladders can potentially play a role in reducing some bond market risks.
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This bond laddering strategy is most useful for an investor who plans to conserve investment capital indefinitely and whose need for cash flow is predicable. A typical ladder might be constructed from 10-year Treasury bonds, with one tenth of the portfolio being redeemed and reinvested each year. As the following chart shows, such a structure would have been significantly more productive and less volatile over the past four decades than a strategy of simply buying and rolling over short-term notes, such as three-month Treasury bills. Keep in mind, however, that the long bond ladder is significantly less liquid than a short bill portfolio. Virtually all of the assets in the short portfolio can be liquidated at face value within three months. In contrast, only 10% of the long portfolio can be liquidated at face value in any given year; the remaining 90% might be exposed to considerable market and interest rate risk if it were sold in the secondary market rather than held to maturity.

Comparing the Continuing Cash Yields of Two $100,000 Investments



Comparative Performance Over Various Long-Term Horizons

Another type of bond ladder is one built to provide a steady cash flow for a predetermined number of years. This can be done with a zero-coupon bond, a type of bond that pays all of its interest in one lump sum at maturity. Generally speaking, the further in the future that one expects to receive the redemption value, the less one needs to spend today for the bond.

Here is how the principal of a fixed-term bond ladder can be applied to the needs of a retirement investor. In this hypothetical example, the retirement portfolio is worth $250,000 at retirement and the presumed withdrawal rate is 4% of assets per year, or $10,000. Based on the interest rates that prevailed in early 2007, an investor could buy a series of 20 zero-coupon Treasury bonds, one of which would become redeemable in each of the next 20 years. The total discounted cost of those 20 bonds would be approximately $129,000. The balance of the original $250,000 could be allocated to equities for growth potential, creating a nearly 50/50 balance. The core income of $10,000 would be stable, and the value of the equity portfolio should be available to help augment income as needed to compensate for inflation or provide extra latitude for spending. Equity value could also be available to extend the term of the plan if needed. Planning horizons of greater than 20 years can also be addressed at the outset, albeit at somewhat greater cost. Note also that bonds in the ladder will have value during the course of the plan, even though their value may be subject to distortions caused by interest rate volatility.

An investment portfolio that has some of its assets allocated to bonds may produce stronger cash flow with less volatility than a portfolio allocated solely to equity investments such as common stock shares. As such, a bond ladder offers investors a formula for allocating their fixed-income holdings to potentially reduce the unique risks of bond holdings and to achieve the results they seek from their bond investments. Your financial advisor can help you determine whether bond laddering is an efficient solution for your needs.
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• Par Value is the face value of the bond, i.e., the value the bond was assigned when the issuer created it.
• Market value is the price for which a bond can be bought or sold at any given time after it is issued and before it is redeemed in the process known as secondary market trading. The prices of bonds in the secondary market depend on the overall level of interest rates. Prices of existing bonds rise when the general level of interest rates falls, and prices fall when the general level of interest rates rises. Individual bond prices can rise relative to their peers in the secondary market if the creditworthiness of the borrower improves, or they can lose ground relatively if the creditworthiness of the borrower deteriorates.
• Redemption value is the amount of money that the issuer will return to the investor on the specified maturity date. Redemption value is generally not affected by changes in the secondary market price.
• Maturity date is the date set for repayment of the bond's principal; it is normally established at the time the bond is issued.
• A conventional bond is issued for a fixed period.
• A callable bond can be redeemed prior to maturity at the initiative of the issuer. Certain conditions may have to be met. For example, a bond may only be callable on certain dates.
• A putable bond can be redeemed prior to maturity at the initiative of the investor whenever the specified put conditions are met. Certain conditions may have to be met. For example, a bond may only be putable on certain dates.
• A convertible bond is one that can be exchanged for common stock at specified times.
• Coupon value is the cash amount of the interest payment made to the investor each year. In most cases, the coupon value never changes throughout the life of the bond, regardless of any changes in secondary market value of the bond.
• Coupon yield is the value of the interest payment given to the investor each year expressed as a percentage of the original par value of the bond. This figure does not change during the life of the bond.
• Current yield is the value of a bond's interest payment expressed as a percentage of its current trading price in the secondary market. Current yield is actually the primary basis for defining a bond's trading price in the secondary market because current yields on existing bonds need to maintain their relationships with market averages. To keep yields synchronized with the market, trading prices are adjusted. Lowering a bond's price has the effect of increasing its current yield because the coupon payment would be divided into a smaller market value. Increasing a bond's price has the effect of lowering the current yield because the coupon payment would be divided into a larger market value.