Q2 2023 Lineage Cell Therapeutics Inc Earnings Call
Participants
Brian M. Culley; CEO, President & Director; Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.
Gary S. Hogge; SVP of Clinical & Medical Affairs; Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.
Ioana C. Hone; Director of IR; Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.
Jill Ann Howe; CFO & Principal Financial and Accounting Officer; Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.
Jack Kilgannon Allen; Senior Research Analyst; Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated, Research Division
Jason Thomas Bouvier; Research Analyst; Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Research Division
Joseph Pantginis; Director of Research & MD of Equity Research; H.C. Wainwright & Co, LLC, Research Division
Michael Okunewitch; Senior Research Analyst; Maxim Group LLC, Research Division
Unidentified Analyst
Presentation
Operator
Welcome to the Lineage Cell Therapeutics Second Quarter 2023 Conference Call. (Operator Instructions) An audio webcast of this call is available on the Investors section of Lineage's website at www.lineagecell.com. This call is subject to copyright and is the property of Lineage, and recordings, reproduction or transmissions of this call without the expressed written consent of Lineage are strictly prohibited. As a reminder, today's call is being recorded.
I would now like to introduce your host for today's call, Ioana Hone, Head of Investor Relations at Lineage. Ms. Hone, please go ahead.
Ioana C. Hone
Thank you, Mandeep. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. A press release reporting our second quarter 2023 financial results was issued earlier today, August 10, 2023, and can be found on the Investors section of our website. Please note that today's remarks and responses to your questions reflect management's views as of today only and will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. Statements made during this discussion that are not statements of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties.
The company's actual results or performance may differ materially from the expectations indicated by such forward-looking statements. For a discussion of certain factors that could cause the company's results or performance to differ, we refer you to the forward-looking statement section in today's press release and in the company's SEC filings, including its most recent annual report on Form 10-K and its subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.
We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of today and are qualified by the cautionary statements and risk factors described in our SEC filings.
With us today are Brian Culley, our Chief Executive Officer; Jill Howe, our Chief Financial Officer; and Gary Hogge, our Senior Vice President of Clinical and Medical Affairs. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Brian.
Brian M. Culley
Thank you, Ioana, and good afternoon, everyone. We appreciate you taking the time to join us today. I'm happy to share that I'm feeling very good about how things are going. A lot of the items that I will comment on today reflect a business that continues to be on track with its development plans and has many reasons to be excited about the future. I'm going to kick off as usual with OpRegen, and in particular I want to comment on recent developments in the dry AMD space and how I see those events positively affecting our lead program.
As you no doubt are aware, there have been safety issues disclosed recently related to the use of SYFOVRE, the first FDA-approved agent available to treat geographic atrophy secondary to dry AMD. I'm not going to speculate on the root cause of these safety issues because the story is still evolving. But I am going to highlight that a rare but serious side effect is exactly the sort of thing that can derail a product when it only offers a small clinical benefit. As we all know, the clinical experience to date with complement inhibitors shows that at best, if you actually receive all of your monthly or other monthly shots in a given year, you may see about a 20% reduction in GA growth compared to your expected growth. And in terms of the patient experience, you are unlikely to feel any differently when taking it, and you continue to lose your vision, which is why there was so much debate about whether the product would have enough clinical benefit to be approved.
But it did receive marketing authorization. And the early signs were that it was going to be a very successful launch due of course to the absence of other choices and the high unmet need in this condition. But drugs with small clinical benefits can be highly susceptible to safety issues, whether you're the FDA, a prescriber or an individual patient, the utility of a given drug stems from its benefits and its risks. When the rewards are small and perhaps require years to observe, even rare side effects can be devastating to a product.
So while the initial launch of SYFOVRE was compelling and highlighted the extraordinary enthusiasm which exists on the demand side, its Achilles' heel may end up being its limited clinical benefit, which is unable to overcome the risks of catastrophic vision loss. While this risk appears small on an absolute basis, the use case for a product is not limited to its risk, but rather the benefits which must outweigh that risk. I think the key takeaway is that both patients and prescribers care incredibly deeply about vision. The hope for preserving even a small bit of vision, even if that takes several years to be achieved is capable of driving enormous demand. But the risk of losing vision is so unacceptable that the market opportunity may remain unfulfilled until a product is approved for which the gains are more clearly worth the risks. For investors, that means finding a therapy which is safer, more effective or ideally both.
Overall, I think this most recent chapter in the dry AMD story highlights 3 things. First, it has provided prescriber-level evidence of an enormous market opportunity. Before the risk of vision loss due to vasculitis was disclosed, the early sales of SYFOVRE were impressive and helped to validate widely held commercial projections in dry AMD. Second, despite the approvals of SYFOVRE and now also [Isere], we've heard from prescribers and thought leaders that there continues to be a need for more effective agents to treat dry AMD. These complement inhibitors appear to be temporary and incomplete solutions. More exciting, effective and infrequently dosed candidates are needed. And if you are a regular on these calls, you've heard me talk about the unprecedented clinical benefits, which were achieved by patients in our Phase I/IIa trial who received OpRegen cells across substantially all of the area of GA and with a single surgical administration.
As investors begin to look beyond the recent approval of first-generation agents and into the pipeline of future dry AMD programs, we believe Lineage is ideally positioned with a potential best-in-class and first-in-class product candidate with a proposed treatment profile which in such patients doesn't merely slow progression, but can in some cases stop or even reverse GA and do so with an increase in visual acuity starting in weeks and lasting for years.
While every product has its benefits and risks, we believe a commercially approved agent with a significantly larger clinical benefit would more easily tolerate a low frequency risk of adverse events. The third highlight is that this makes us feel even stronger about our partnership with Roche and Genentech. Roche has extensive clinical experience with complement inhibitors, but the development of those assets were discontinued. Meanwhile, they added a completely new approach to treating GA via the licensing deal we signed for OpRegen. When it comes to treating GA, I believe Roche was right to move on from the complement pathway and embrace agents with larger potential clinical benefits.
For reasons I've shared previously, I'm not yet able to provide details about the ongoing Phase IIa trial of OpRegen, but Roche continues to enroll patients. As a reminder, the primary endpoint occurs just 90 days following each transplant. Roche has nearly 2 quarters of enrollment experience behind them and additional sites are expected to come online this year, which you can follow at clinicaltrials.gov.
I'm not able to guide to when top line data will be available, but we continue to be hopeful that the data will show that Roche is able to reproduce the clinical benefits, which Lineage reported in the Phase I/IIa trial and that they also will build upon our early success with additional insights into the safest and easiest way to deliver OpRegen.
Moving next to OPC1, our spinal cord program. As we expected, we recently received a response from FDA to our Type B meeting submission. This submission was conducted to discuss and clarify the use of a new spinal cord cell delivery device. I'm pleased to share with you today that based on the content of that response, we do not need to conduct additional back-and-forth discussions with the agency on this topic. Our next step will be to submit the IND amendment for this new system. And through that amendment, we will be permitted to provide some final content and clarifications that were requested in the FDA's response.
The agency also said that the clinical design seems acceptable and tentatively agreed that no additional nonclinical in vivo studies would be needed. In light of this feedback on our proposed trial, we remain on track to submit the OPC1 IND amendment in the fourth quarter. Assuming no further comments arrive in the 30 days following that submission, that will permit us to proudly bring OPC1 back into clinical testing by initiating the dose study in subacute and chronic patients.
Related to OPC1, I briefly want to provide a follow-up on the first annual Spinal Cord Injury Investor Symposium, which we created and hosted in June. The event brought together therapeutic area experts, researchers, corporate representatives, individuals with lived experience, caregivers, advocacy organizations, investors, analysts and members of the public and the media. And alongside presentations and panel discussions, we heard from people who have participated in SCI clinical trials and what they would like to see in future trials. The response to this event has been far beyond our expectations, and we already have begun thinking about how we can improve it next year, including by inviting representatives from regulatory agencies.
Moving next to VAC2. We recently received data on the 8 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were enrolled in the U.K.-based Phase I trial conducted by Cancer Research U.K. The most notable points from those data were that the VAC2 product candidate appeared to be well tolerated in all treated patients and the adverse events we observed were modest and ones which we expect from a therapy designed to generate a robust and durable immune response. 5 of 8 patients demonstrated the best response of immune-related stable disease; and three demonstrated immune-related progressive disease. ELISPOT assays indicated that 2 patients had durable responses and 2 others had transient responses against segments of the telomeres tumor antigen, which had been loaded onto the allogeneic dendritic cells. As a whole, these data provide an important connection between the proposed mechanism and the clinical observations in this trial. And while this was a small sample, 3 of the 8 patients, all of whom had refractory disease reached the 2-year survival endpoint. This was an important trial to assess the tolerability and mechanism of VAC2. And the overall safety and efficacy data which was collected affirms our belief in the potential for allogeneic cell therapy to address certain types of cancer. We appreciate the patience in the team at Cancer Research U.K. for their efforts to complete this study.
In terms of our path forward, because many different antigens could be employed in our allogeneic dendritic cell system, we believe strategic alliances offer us the best way to advance the platform and our BD team continues to be engaged in exploratory discussions for the development of back assets. While there is no assurance that any partnerships we're exploring will come to fruition, we know encouraging clinical results have recently been reported in the neoantigen vaccine space. So in addition to the BD talks, we intend to continue monitoring this landscape to help inform our corporate strategy and determine the best development path for VAC2 or any other VAC platform programs, which we may pursue.
Lastly, we recently received information which indicates that VAC2 development could be eligible for CIRM funding and have begun to evaluate that avenue as well as the others I just mentioned.
For ANP1, which is our cell transplant program for hearing loss, preclinical testing is ongoing through a collaboration with the University of Michigan. Our initial objectives from this collaboration are to evaluate engraftment of our cells in certain anatomical destinations and assess how long cells can survive after transplantation to those locations. I don't wish to get ahead of myself on this today, but the initial findings from the study have been encouraging, and we plan to provide an update on this program later this year.
As some of you may have seen, just a few days ago another hearing loss company was acquired, making that 2 early-stage gene therapy hearing loss acquisitions in the past year. We believe these recent acquisitions in the hearing loss space serve to validate our decision to expand the lineage platform into hearing loss and will provide competitive comparators for the ANP1 program. And as I previously said, I think cell therapy can have advantages over certain kinds of gene therapy because replacing the entire cell means you don't have to select for patients who carry a specific genetic defect. We think this offers cell therapy larger addressable markets while matching the advantages of the one-and-done treatment schedule of gene therapy.
So to wrap up this part of the call, I want to mention a few of the ways in which we will be working to create near-term value for Lineage shareholders. I believe one of the questions for investors at the moment is whether Roche will independently reproduce our findings of improved retinal structure. So we will be doing everything we can to help support their efforts to enroll and conduct that study.
In parallel, we will be working closely with Roche and Genentech employees to transfer our production process to them, which will enable them to manufacture OpRegen in-house, which continues to be part of the overall plan for OpRegen development. And thirdly, we expect some additional data updates from the Phase I/IIa study of OpRegen to be presented at medical meetings this year, which is always helpful for increasing awareness of our program and to demonstrate our partners' commitment to it.
With respect to our pipeline programs, the most notable item will be getting the IND amendment for OPC1 submitted before the end of the year. We also expect to have updates from other areas of our business as we always aspire to reach newsworthy milestones from across our portfolio. And while we do try to make a lot of progress each quarter and reach those milestones, we also try very hard to keep our spending under control.
So with that, serving as a transition, I will now hand the call over to Jill for a discussion of our financials.
Jill Ann Howe
Thanks, Brian, and good afternoon, everyone. Beginning with our balance sheet, I'm pleased to report that we have continued to be smart with our spending and are well capitalized to conduct the near-term activities, which Brian just outlined.
Our reported cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of June 30, 2023, totaled $45.9 million, which is expected to support our current plant operations into the fourth quarter of 2024. Please note, this cash amount does not account for any of the Roche Genentech milestone payments or for any business development or grant revenues which we may receive during the same period.
Next, we will review our second quarter operating results. Our revenue is generated primarily from licensing fees, royalties, collaboration revenues and research grants. Total revenues were $3.2 million, a net decrease of $1.4 million as compared to approximately $4.6 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by lower collaboration and licensing revenue recognized from deferred revenues from the Roche agreement.
Operating expenses are comprised of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses. Total operating expenses were $8.1 million, a decrease of $0.5 million as compared to $8.6 million for the same period in 2022. R&D expenses were $3.9 million, a net increase of $0.6 million as compared to $3.3 million for the same period in 2022. And this increase was primarily driven by a $0.4 million in higher OpRegen program-related expenses and $0.3 million in nonclinical related expenses to support the OPC1 program.
G&A expenses were $4.2 million, a net decrease of approximately $1.1 million compared to the $5.3 million for the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by $0.5 million in lower litigation and legal expenses and an overall reduction in costs incurred for services by third parties, consulting costs and stock-based related compensation expenses. Loss from operations was $5 million, an increase of $0.8 million as compared to $4.2 million for the same period in 2022. Other income and expenses included other expenses of $0.2 million compared to other expense of $2.5 million for the same period in 2022. This change was primarily driven by exchange rate fluctuations related to our international subsidiaries, fair market value changes in marketable equity securities and interest income from our marketable debt securities.
The net loss was $5.2 million or $0.03 per share compared to a net loss of $6.8 million or $0.04 per share for the same period in 2022. Overall, we continue to maintain our same spending discipline as we have adhered to for years and which has served us well in the past. As the biotech markets continue to face uncertainty, we believe that maintaining discipline of their spending will continue to allow us to maintain our plan to reach meaningful milestones, make important progress and create value for shareholders from our investments in our programs.
Now let me hand the call back to Brian.
Brian M. Culley
Thanks, Jill. To wrap up, we believe Lineage is pioneering an approach, which has large commercial opportunities but few analogous competitors. While stem cells were once thought to represent a powerful new kind of therapeutic in and of themselves, the reality may be that the true value from stem cells isn't using them as medicine, but using them as starting material to generate other cell types, including cell types which can and in certain cases already have shown the ability to generate clinical efficacy outcomes that do not occur by chance and vastly exceed the best available alternatives. Most of the success stories to date in cell therapy can be found in oncology or transplant medicine. But data reported recently in noncancer indications such as type 1 diabetes and Parkinson's disease as well as our own achievements in dry AMD with GA suggests that advancements in the tools, understanding and best application of differentiated cells in a replace and restore approach may be on the cusp of an exciting era.
I continue to believe Lineage is making good decisions in a challenging biotech environment. We've been conservative and disciplined with our spending, and we're advancing our programs in a responsible way. Our collaboration with Genentech and Roche is progressing extremely well. And one of the things we will be particularly excited to work on this year will be continuing to support them in the further clinical development of OpRegen. As always, we sincerely appreciate your support of the company as we look to position Lineage to become the leader in cell therapy and cell transplant medicine.
And with that, Mandeep, Jill, Gary and I are ready to take analyst questions.
Question and Answer Session
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Our first question comes from the line of Jack Allen from Baird.
Jack Kilgannon Allen
Congratulations to the team on all the progress made over the course of the quarter. Maybe to start, I know, Brian, you talked a lot about the GA opportunity with OpRegen. Could you maybe speak a little bit more finally about what you can do to help your partner enroll this Phase IIa study as expeditiously as possible? I know it's hard to talk about time lines, but any specific activities you can do to help aid in their execution of this trial?
Brian M. Culley
It's limited what I'm able to share specifically, but what I can note is that to date Genentech has relied on the same clinical centers which we had used in the Phase I/IIa study. So there's certain familiarity relationships, know-how, understanding that could be beneficial. But with respect to the specific activities that we perform, I would characterize those as more contributory or contributional in nature and not as much the frontline decision-making. And as you already know, Roche is paying for the clinical development of OpRegen in this study and any future studies which they conduct. So we don't have any of the burden, but we actually look for opportunities to go beyond what is contractually expected of us in any creative way to try to be helpful in the furtherance of the OpRegen program.
Jack Kilgannon Allen
Great. Great. It's great to hear you're taking an active -- or at least as active a role as you can in helping progress that asset forward. And then maybe on OPC1, very quickly. It's good to hear that you've gotten the feedback from the FDA and you're planning to implement the device with the IND amendment here. I guess maybe can you step back and talk a little bit about your longer-term aspirations for OPC1? Previously it was my understanding that you were going to dose a few patients with this new device and then maybe move into a larger study. Can you talk a little a little bit more about the maybe 3- to 5-year plan here?
Brian M. Culley
The most important and outstanding question about OPC1, which we want to answer and intend to answer is what is the magnitude of benefit, which patients can enjoy if they receive the oligodendrocyte cells, which we manufacture. In order to answer that question, we will need to conduct a larger and controlled study. The study design has not been determined. It is premature of us to determine it. However, there are a couple of steps that we want to complete before we are able and prepared to conduct that larger study. One of those you're well aware of, which is deploying and demonstrating the utility of the new delivery system. It's a lot smaller, many fewer component parts, it's easier to administer, and it has advantages that we think will be beneficial on safety and perhaps even efficacy. The second thing that we need to do is to introduce the new cells, which we manufacture here at Lineage. As I believe you and others are aware, I've talked extensively about the achievements of the manufacturing team that they have made on the manufacture of OPC1 in terms of the reproducibility, the scale, the control and the purity. When those 2 elements are complete, then we would be able to have the back and forth with FDA to design and propose a larger comparative study. And so that's really where we want to go with this. We would need to clear a couple of what I think are relatively straightforward hurdles. And then when we get past those, we want to conduct that larger study and answer that critical question, which is, is this a therapy that can help individuals gain mobility after a spinal cord injury that they would not otherwise experience but for the receipt of these cells to their spinal cord.
Jack Kilgannon Allen
Great. Congratulations again on the progress.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Joe Pantginis from H.C. Wainwright.
Joseph Pantginis
So Brian, my first question, I promise there is no pun intended, but do you envision or any potential complementarity between OpRegen and Isere or SYFOVRE?
Brian M. Culley
I've heard a lot of vision jokes in my 5 years here and that is certainly one of them. I'm going to refer the question to Gary to talk about the compatibility and how our therapy could be used in addition to or instead of a complement inhibitor.
Gary S. Hogge
Yes. So Joe, I think, obviously, based on the initial launches at SYFOVRE, clearly there's a huge unmet need. So a big playing space. And there's no reason that OpRegen can't be used in conjunction with the complement inhibitor, either the 2 approved agents or allow a complement inhibitor to be used first and then follow up with OpRegen or vice versa. We think that there's a potential synergistic effect of the 2 products, 3 products technically, and that in effect that they both might benefit from coadministration. So obviously we'll need to conduct those coadministration studies at some point, but we don't think it will impact. If anything, it will benefit both approaches to treating dry AMD.
Joseph Pantginis
No, that's helpful. And then I wanted to switch over to the VAC platform. I guess, how should we view -- or what are you doing to percolate sort of the platform concept behind the scenes other than sort of having inbounds and marketing it as a platform? Are you doing any particular scientific work to be able to help market it? Do you have the potential to be able to hand cells out on an NDA situation where a third party can sort of do their own experiments. So how is the platform being percolated?
Brian M. Culley
The answer is that it is being viewed through a number of different prongs. So one of those would be thinking about working with another party to use a different antigen or combination of antigens which could be presented on the surface of the dendritic cells. And you could imagine that, that idea can range from work that has been done at academic centers for more of the pan cancer antigen like a [TRC] or you could imagine harnessing some of the discoveries that are coming out of the AI field and machine learning to rationally select the antigen that you might use either on an individual patient basis or again, more collectively for antigens that could serve this purpose more broadly? We have other prongs that we are considering, which include manufacturing. We think that there is still a lot of room to improve the production and drive down the costs of the dendritic cell system. And we think that from a clinical perspective, there's a prong that can be viewed with the dendritic cell as a tool because it essentially goes beyond the first step of the immune system, which is we are prepackaging the antigen into the dendritic cell. So rather than using lipid nanoparticles or if you are concerned that your antigen is not tickling the immune system quite in the right way, utilizing nature's previously designed system for presenting those antigens could be beneficial. It is extremely difficult to tackle all of those prongs simultaneously with all of their individual permutations. But when I say that the BD people have exploratory conversations, these are the kinds of prongs that they are thinking about and talking about with various parties, each of which in isolation could be beneficial to the VAC program and help elevate the visibility and importance of that program and which altogether could provide us with some derisking by having multiple approaches, partly supported by partnership and then perhaps partly supported by Lineage.
Joseph Pantginis
Appreciate the color, Brian.
Brian M. Culley
Thank you, Joe. And thank you also for participating as a moderator at that Spinal Cord -- First Annual Spinal Final Cord Conference. We appreciate you and Jack and others.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Kristen Kluska from Cantor Fitzgerald.
Jason Thomas Bouvier
This is Jason Bouvier on for Kristen. I have 2 questions. Just going back to the Phase IIa trial being managed by Genentech. Do you have any information on the number of patients or subjects that have been enrolled, sort of the rate of enrollment and how many are left? And the second question is, how are you thinking about prioritizing earlier-stage programs and any potential projects that are not yet out in the pipeline?
Brian M. Culley
Well, we're not permitted to disclose or share that level of granularity with respect to enrollment. You and everyone, unfortunately, will need to just kind of make their own estimates and projections. With respect to what I will call the balance between our lead program and other programs, we are trying to strike a balance within that balance, which is to say that we are certainly planning for success. If one isn't planning for success, one presumably is planning for failure. So that is pretty straightforward that we are looking to build a company here that in part will be elevated by the success, the future success of OpRegen and dry AMD. However, it's also abundantly clear that this environment is not one of the best that has ever been for the biotech industry, so we can't be irresponsible in how we invest in our pipeline programs. So we have today multiple assets. They are staged with respect to where they are clinically or preclinically, i.e. how far they are along in development. And that staging can be intentionally adjusted to reflect an appropriate level of financial commitment. So there are some areas that we think that the return on our investment and the value to our business is quite high. And the best example I would point to there was our decision to spend approximately $1 million to initiate the ANP1 program and to get that into preclinical testing with that relatively small amount of R&D spending. And I shared previously some exciting early stage acquisitions that were done for what I believe were essentially single-asset hearing loss programs. So we use that sort of discipline and that critical ROI evaluation as a way to manage our spending across the platform. And we're always asking ourselves if it's something that we should look at grant funding, is it something we should be thinking about partnering, or is it something we just want to carefully and stepwise move forward, all the while, while we wait with others for what we hope will be exciting future data from the OpRegen program.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Mayank Mamtani from B. Riley Securities.
Unidentified Analyst
[Madison] on for Mayank. Congrats on the progress. Just a quick question. Once you submit your IND amendment in 4Q and the 30 days past, how long will it be before you actually move into the clinic there? And then secondly, it sounds like you guys would no longer be responsible for production as you're transferring capacity to your partners regarding OpRegen. And I'm just wondering how long that transfer process would take.
Brian M. Culley
Thank you for the questions, Madison. With respect to OPC1, we always look to minimize the amount of time between when we are clear to open a site and getting through the contracting process and actually opening a site. A lot of the time is regrettably on the side, the legal and the contracting side. I think generally speaking, sponsors are good about turning around their documentation. But each site is its own animal and poses its own challenges. So we do as much as we can to start these trials quickly. I have no reason to think that we would benefit in any way by having a delay. So while we know that this will be a study at a small number of sites, we are going to do everything we can to be able to start very quickly after the 38 clearing period has occurred. But there are some centers out there that won't engage fully until you have an IND open. And that's very frustrating. But many others allow you to parable a path with an expectation of when you'll be ready. So it's a blend. When you have a multicenter trial, you're going to find different hurdles. But for us, the best answer is for us to preplan and be ready to hit the ground running to the extent possible with redundancy and parallel path work being done in advance of that 30-day period. With respect to the second question, I have no idea how long it takes to transfer a cell therapy production process to a big pharma partner because we've never done it before. However, we have abundant faith in our manufacturing production team and their ability to train and teach skilled collaborators to achieve the work. As probably everyone on the call knows, manufacturing cells consistently and reproducibly and controlling the process is very difficult. And there have been many failures over the years in laboratories around the world, but we have seen many examples of extraordinary success by our in-house manufacturing team. One of those examples I spoke to with ANP1 being able to create a differentiation protocol very quickly. Another example would be the enormous scale of production which they achieved with OPC1. A third example would be how well they were able to improve the purity and the scale of the OPC1 program. Excuse me, I misspoke. I meant OpRegen previously. I meant OPC1 in that case. So those are 3 examples from 3 different programs which illustrate the capabilities of the manufacturing team. And I have no reason to think that Roche and Genentech has a paucity of resources or capabilities, quite the opposite. I expect that they have abundant capabilities in this regard. So while it's not a straightforward and simple task, you can't mail it into somebody, you don't just send them a document. You really need to be sitting next to them going through repeating it several times. I really am unable to tell you when I think that process would be completed, but we will pay great attention to it and work very closely with our partner to give them the best possible chance of success.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Michael Okunewitch from Maxim Group.
Michael Okunewitch
Congrats on the progress this quarter.
Brian M. Culley
Thank you, Michael.
Michael Okunewitch
Hey, I think to start off, I'd just like to ask a little bit about the VAC2 program and to see if you could kind of prime us for the full data from that study with the additional analyses ongoing at your U.K. partner. Which of those particular analyses do you consider to be the most important for both validating the platform as a whole as well as the VAC2 program itself?
Brian M. Culley
Thank you, Michael, for the question. I will refer to Dr. Hogge to respond to you.
Gary S. Hogge
So there are ongoing investigations that are looking at biopsies from the tumors to look for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We're keenly interested in those data. We're looking at the skin biopsies at the site of the administration to see what type of cell influx occurred post first administration all the way up to 6 administrations. So that will be of interest if that profile changes over time. Additionally, we're looking at different ELISA panels. We look to see if we have a Th1 or a Th2 cytokine profile shift that wasn't there at baseline. And all these would be indicative of a potential immune response to the antigens of interest and may show that there was at least some antitumor effect as well that we're certainly interested in looking at. So those data are being analyzed and we await the reports from Cancer Research U.K.
Michael Okunewitch
All right. And then I would just like to ask about the, specifically in the auditory disease space you have gene therapy going in with some pretty significant attention. Do you see having additional one-and-done therapies out there paving the way as making it more attractive for development for ANP1? And then do you have any additional color on specific indications you might look to go into once this gets towards the clinic?
Brian M. Culley
Thanks, Michael. I have a 2-part answer. The refinement of the indication and the intended patient population will be driven by the data which we collect initially preclinically and then evolving into the clinic. It's difficult for us with such new approach to be definitive, to be incredibly definitive about how we see the best use of this intervention. And we're quite aware that there are many types of hearing impairment, some of them chemicals, some of them physical, some of them more reflecting aging and degenerative processes. The notable aspect of other approaches, and let's call it success, that we're seeing in approaches for hearing loss, I think is very beneficial to our earlier program because it's beginning to establish the existence and refine some of those questions about what are the right clinical endpoints to use, what do the economics of a program look like. Because ultimately, if we're going to get credit for what today is a preclinical program, that's going to come through some sort of a valuation exercise, which is going to need to have some sort of an addressable market, which is going to need to have some refined patient population. So while it's exciting to go into a new area with an incredible paucity or dearth of other competitive threats, the trade-off for that is we don't have a mature and established commercial market that we can point to with certainty and say we know exactly what patients we're going after. So in light of the options of a mature and crowded space compared to this new area, I'm delighted to be going into this new area because we can partly define it for ourselves rather than be forced into following others. But I think there's a lot to learn in the hearing loss space from some of the early forays that we are seeing, in particular in gene therapy. And as I described earlier, even if a gene therapy is able to wonderfully address one specific deficiency in the genome through some sort of repair or replacement of that genetic information, that is going to leave many other kinds of hearing loss available to an approach that is replacing the entire genome through the transplant of a cell.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Jack Allen from Baird.
Jack Kilgannon Allen
You just dragged a thought as one of my peers was asking a question about Roche's execution of enrollment in the OpRegen Phase IIa study. I know you mentioned in response to my question that you have a lot of experience with the sites that are being utilized by your collaborator. I guess any historical context you could speak to as it relates to the ability of those sites to enroll patients in your Phase II or I/II study?
Brian M. Culley
One of the things that I liked to highlight some time ago was that the early forays into this study enrolled very slowly, in part because there were very few sites open, and in part because these were the very first and incredibly courageous patients to receive this therapy. By the end of the study, this team at Lineage had taken control of enrollment. We had opened additional sites, and we were able to enroll, I think the last 4 patients were all within a very crowded period of maybe 6 or 8 weeks. So that is reflecting tremendous variability of pace of enrollment, which occurs not just at the study level, but also at the individual site level. So I think there are some factors that go in our favor. In particular, I think the conversation between a prospective patient in the center and the surgeon is different today because you're talking about a program that has pharma credibility and 24 well, or highly accessible sets of data to be able to refer to rather than being the first of its kind. But at the same time, this is an optimization study, and I believe that Roche would like to minimize the number of variables to the extent it's possible, so that they can gain as much information as possible from this study. And in doing so, it's not surprising to us that they have elected to start out with just the sites that we had used previously. I expect that, that will expand over time. I don't have specific information about that. But I think it's a general sentiment that I'm encouraged that there is more horsepower and there is more experience available for this trial being run by Roche and Genentech than what was done in the hands of lineage, although obviously we were quite delighted with the findings and success that we had in our Phase I.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Joe Pantginis from H.C. Wainwright.
Joseph Pantginis
So when you're looking at the ANP1 program, I wanted to dive in a little bit here. Can you describe sort of a little more of the models you're looking at right now and what's planned? And I sort of want to correlate that with the takeouts that you referred to of Akouos and Decibel. Now they are using gene therapy, as you alluded to. They were very focused on targeting of their AAVs and in very specific mutations, which you don't necessarily need to do. So they were looking at animal models, in particular like otoferlin models or what have you. What kind of models would you look to do to be able to address a broader hearing loss concept?
Brian M. Culley
Thank you, Joe. It's a great question. I understand the question. We do plan to provide an update on ANP1 later this year. And then probably the question is even more suitable at that time because at this point our focuses and our emphasis is primarily on the delivery of our cells and the durability of our cells. As everyone knows, if your cells aren't present, they're not going to be functional, and that's where we need to go. So we're not at the level where we are designing our own functional tests or making comparisons to studies that have been done in the space, we really are just focused on stepwise progress here, which means ensuring that we can get the cells where we want them to go and ensuring that they are still present after a clinically relevant amount of time and using the models that are quite conventional in the space, which are various forms of rodent models. But I think when we do a more fulsome update, it will be easier to be able to begin to draw parallels across what we're doing and what some of the other folks are doing. But I do think that to the extent you're thinking about gene therapy needing to repair genetic defects and models having to have a specific defect so that gene therapy companies can show that they can fix that DNA and then have a clinical outcome from that, our approach would be that we do not need to have such a difficulty, that we can use what I would characterize as cruder forms of deafness because we aren't trapped by or forced into the narrow segment of a single gene being responsible for the absence of effective hearing.
Joseph Pantginis
That makes great sense. I appreciate that. And I'm just going to just focus on one of your D-words, and that's the delivery. Obviously you need the experiments to look at durability. So AAV is much smaller than cells and you're dealing with a very limited-volume environment. Are you looking at what's essentially been relatively standardized surgical techniques now? I know this is pretty forward-looking. Or is there something more unique to cells that we'd have to consider? Or is it too early to really even go down that alley?
Brian M. Culley
You're asking an excellent question because, of course, cells are much larger than viral vectors. And one place where we think that that's extremely interesting is in the setting of the eye. We know that viral vectors can travel across the optic chiasm and peer on the other contralateral untreated eye. So that makes control arms in that space a bit challenging. With respect to delivery to the ear, it is extraordinary to learn what is capable with teeny-tiny needles and a steady hand. So we do have some challenges in the delivery as we do have challenges with the delivery to the spinal cord or to the eye or to everywhere because, as you correctly note, if the stuff doesn't get where it needs to be, it's not going to work. So I think what we will do is we'll share some of our findings and some of our methods in particular, at that update later this year. But I think that generally speaking, we have not -- I can say that we have not needed to invent anything new in order to perform these preclinical studies. If that answer is at least helpful in the interim.
Operator
That concludes today's analyst call. I would now like to turn the call over to Brian Culley for closing remarks.
Brian M. Culley
I would just like to say thank you, everyone. It's exciting to have such a great interest in all the things that we're doing. And we will continue to work hard to make this company interesting and exciting and successful. Thank you, and have a great afternoon.
Operator
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. This does conclude today's call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.
