Q4 2023 ManpowerGroup Inc Earnings Call
Participants
John Thomas McGinnis; Executive VP, CFO & Head of IR; ManpowerGroup Inc.
Jonas Prising; Chairman & CEO; ManpowerGroup Inc.
Andrew Charles Steinerman; MD; JPMorgan Chase & Co, Research Division
Heather Nicole Balsky; VP; BofA Securities, Research Division
Jeffrey Marc Silber; MD & Senior Equity Analyst; BMO Capital Markets Equity Research
Joshua K. Chan; Analyst; UBS Investment Bank, Research Division
Kartik Mehta; Executive MD, Director of Research, Principal & Equity Research Analyst; Northcoast Research Partners, LLC
Keen Fai Tong; Research Analyst; Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., Research Division
Manav Shiv Patnaik; MD, Business & Information Services Equity Research Analyst.; Barclays Bank PLC, Research Division
Mark Steven Marcon; Senior Research Analyst; Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated, Research Division
Tobey O'Brien Sommer; MD; Truist Securities, Inc., Research Division
Unidentified Analyst
Presentation
Operator
Welcome to ManpowerGroup Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Call. (Operator Instructions) This call is being recorded. If you care to drop off now, please do so. I would like now to turn the conference over to ManpowerGroup Chairman and CEO, Mr. Jonas Prising. Sir, you may begin.
Jonas Prising
Welcome, and thank you for joining us for our Fourth Quarter 2023 Conference Call. Our Chief Financial Officer, Jack McGinnis, is with me today. For your convenience, we have included our prepared remarks within the Investor Relations section of our website at manpowergroup.com. I will start by going through some of the highlights of the quarter and the full year, and Jack will go through the fourth quarter results and guidance for the first quarter of 2024. I will then share some concluding thoughts before we start our Q&A session. Jack will now cover the safe harbor language.
John Thomas McGinnis
Good morning, everyone. This conference call includes forward-looking statements, including statements concerning economic and geopolitical uncertainty, which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. These statements are based on management's current expectations or beliefs. Actual results might differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Slide 2 of our earnings release presentation further identifies forward-looking statements made in this call and factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially and information regarding reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.
Jonas Prising
Thank you, Jack. 2 weeks ago, I attended the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Devils, Switzerland. The themes from the meeting centered on the uncertain outlook for 2024 caused by increasing geopolitical tensions and slowing economic growth in many parts of the world. At the same time, AI was a major discussion topic with many believing we are entering a new era of accelerated digital transformation with developments in AI holding the promise of accelerating productivity and growth. Most organizations are just at the beginning of their AI journey. They are committed to responsible adoption of AI throughout their enterprise.
Yet they know they need data quality and infrastructure along with the skilled workforce to truly maximize its impact. Our own recent data finds 58% of employers believe AI will have a positive impact on their organization's head count in the next 2 years. And more than 70% site training staff finding qualified talent and redefining roles as the top challenges to fully leverage the technology. We are committed to being a partner of choice for company and people to navigate the significant transformation where the digital transition will require a skills transition at speed and scale.
Looking at our real-time data and research and following discussions with our teams around the world during our annual strategic road shows, it is clear the outlook we have been predicting and tracking for the last few quarters continues to play out. Employers, particularly in large enterprise organizations remain cautious pausing on noncritical investments and postponing projects until more clarity on the outlook emerges.
Our industry is always the first to feel the impact of economic softening, and this cycle is no different. As we have seen employers reduce their temporary and permanent hiring while lowering their project spend appetite. This is most noticeable in Europe and in North America, and we haven't seen any inflection point yet of improving demand for our services and solutions in those regions. It is important to note that at the same time, we have seen signs of stabilization of activity at lower levels in certain markets and offerings.
We have taken significant cost reduction actions to adjust our resources to the current environment in many markets while maintaining the talent we need to take advantage of the market turnaround when it happens. We are confident in our ability to navigate this kind of environment and ensure that we are well positioned for profitable growth when demand improves.
Turning to our financial results. In the fourth quarter, revenue was $4.6 billion, down 5% year-over-year in constant currency. Our reported EBITDA for the quarter was $24 million. Adjusting for restructuring costs, noncash impairment charges and other special items, which we'll cover in the financial review, EBITDA was $116 million representing a decrease of 30% in constant currency year-over-year.
Reported EBITDA margin was 0.5% and adjusted EBITA margin was 2.5%. Losses per diluted share was $1.73 on a reported basis, while earnings per diluted share was $1.45 on an adjusted basis. Adjusted earnings per share decreased 30% year-over-year in constant currency. In the fourth quarter, staff and gross profit margins remained resilient in a challenging environment.
From a geographic perspective, we saw the continuation of a challenging environment in North America and Europe during the quarter, while demand for our services in LatAm and APME remained solid. Turning to the full year results for a few moments. Reported earnings per share for the year was $1.76 as adjusted, earnings per share was $6.04 and represented a constant currency decrease of 28%.
Revenues for the year decreased 4% in constant currency to $18.9 billion, and reported EBITDA was $346 million. As adjusted, EBITDA was $497 million, which represented a 27% constant currency decrease year-over-year. Although no one can predict when conditions will improve, be certain that a skilled and agile workforce remains at the heart of an organization's ability to adapt and grow as they execute their business strategy.
Companies also remember the difficulties they experience trying to hire post endemic, as they know they are not immune to demographic challenges presented by aging populations and persistent talent shortages. We are focused on helping them overcome these obstacles by finding the best talent in the market today and into the future. I will now turn it over to Jack to take you through the results in more detail.
John Thomas McGinnis
Thanks, Jonas. Going back to the quarterly results on Slide 3. Revenues in the fourth quarter came in slightly above the midpoint of our constant currency guidance range. Gross profit margin came in at the high end of our guidance range. As adjusted, EBITDA was $116 million, representing a 30% decrease in constant currency compared to the prior year period. As adjusted, EBITDA margin was 2.5% and came in at the high end of our guidance range, representing 100 basis points of decline year-over-year.
During the quarter, year-over-year foreign currency movements had an impact on our results. Foreign currency translation drove a 1% favorable impact to the U.S. dollar reported revenue trend compared to the constant currency decrease of 5%. Organic days adjusted constant currency revenue also decreased 5% in the quarter.
Turning to the EPS bridge on Slide 5. Reported losses per share was $1.73, which included $3.18 related to restructuring costs, a noncash goodwill impairment charge and other items. Excluding these costs, adjusted EPS was $1.45. Walking from our guidance midpoint, our results included a stronger operational performance of $0.10, slightly lower weighted average shares due to share repurchases in the quarter, which had a positive impact of $0.01, a foreign currency impact that was $0.01 better than our guidance due to the strengthening of the euro and the pound during the quarter and other expenses had a positive $0.11 impact.
Next, let's review our revenue by business line. Year-over-year, on an organic constant currency basis, the Manpower brand declined by 3% in the quarter. The Experis brand declined by 11%, and the Talent Solutions brand had a revenue decline of 14%. Within Talent Solutions, our RPO business experienced a year-over-year revenue decline in line with the trend from the third quarter. Our MSP business also experienced revenue declines in the quarter as we continue to reduce certain lower margin activity while Right Management experienced year-over-year revenue growth on higher outplacement volumes in the quarter.
Looking at our gross profit margin in detail. Our gross margin came in at 17.5% for the quarter. Staffing margin contributed 10 basis point reduction due to mix shifts as margins remained strong. Permanent recruitment, including Talent Solutions RPO, contributed a 60 basis point GP margin reduction as permanent hiring activity in the fourth quarter remained stable at lower levels, consistent with the third quarter trends.
Right Management career transition within Talent Solutions contributed 20 basis points of improvement as outplacement activity continued to be solid in the fourth quarter. Other items resulted in a 20 basis point margin decrease. Moving on to our gross profit by business line. During the quarter, the Manpower brand comprised 60% of gross profit.
Our Experis Professional business comprised 24% and Talent Solutions comprised 16%. During the quarter, our consolidated gross profit decreased by 8% on an organic constant currency basis year-over-year, representing a slight improvement from the 9% decline in the third quarter. Our Manpower brand reported an organic gross profit decrease of 4% in constant currency year-over-year, representing a slight improvement from the 5% decline in the third quarter.
Gross profit in our Experis brand decreased 15% in organic constant currency year-over-year, representing a slight additional decline from the 14% decrease in the third quarter, driven by Continental Europe. Gross profit in Talent Solutions decreased 14% in organic constant currency year-over-year, representing a slight improvement from the 15% decline in the third quarter.
The year-over-year decreases in RPO and MSP were partially offset by Right Management and increased outplacement activity. Reported SG&A expense in the quarter was $850 million. Excluding restructuring costs, goodwill impairment and other items, SG&A was 4% lower year-over-year on a constant currency basis, representing a sequential improvement from the 2% decline in the third quarter on the same basis.
This reflects additional cost actions resulting in organic headcount reduction of 3% in the quarter and a year-over-year organic reduction at year-end of 9%. At the same time, our corporate expense reflects our progression of the next phase of our digitization strategy focused on back-office functions. These strategic investments are expected to drive medium- and long-term productivity and efficiency enhancements across our technology and finance functions worldwide through shared service centers leveraging leading global technology platforms.
The underlying SG&A decreases largely consisted of operational cost of $24 million, offset by currency changes of $11 million. Adjusted SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue represented 15.2% in constant currency in the fourth quarter. Restructuring costs and other items totaled $92 million, with the largest component related to the wind down of our Proservia business in Germany.
The goodwill impairment relates to our Netherlands business, which experienced further market declines in recent quarters. The Americas segment comprised 23% of consolidated revenue. Revenue in the quarter was $1.1 billion, representing a decrease of 4% compared to the prior year period on a constant currency basis.
As adjusted, OUP was $40 million and OUP margin was 3.7%. The U.S. is the largest country in the Americas segment, comprising 65% of segment revenues. Revenue in the U.S. was $702 million during the quarter, representing a 14% days adjusted decrease compared to the prior year. As adjusted to exclude restructuring costs, OUP for our U.S. business was $21 million in the quarter, representing a decrease of 54%. As adjusted, OUP margin was 3%. Within the U.S., the Manpower brand comprised 25% of gross profit during the quarter. Revenue for the Manpower brand in the U.S. decreased 16% on a days adjusted basis during the quarter, which was a stable trend from a 16% decrease in the third quarter on the same basis.
The Experis brand in the U.S. comprised 45% of gross profit in the quarter. Within Experis in the U.S., IT skills comprise approximately 90% of revenues. On a days adjusted basis, Experis U.S. revenue decreased 13% during the quarter a slight improvement from the 15% decline on the same basis in the third quarter.
Talent Solutions in the U.S. contributed 30% of gross profit and experienced a revenue decline of 14% in the quarter. This was an improvement from the 18% decline in the third quarter. RPO revenue declines in the U.S. reflect ongoing lower levels of permanent hiring programs in the fourth quarter. U.S. MSP business saw revenue declines as we continue to reduce some lower-margin activity, while outplacement activity within our Right Management business drove strong revenue increases.
In the U.S., RPO and MSP experienced an improved sequential rate of decline. Right Management in the U.S. experienced a stable level of revenues sequentially from the third quarter. In the first quarter of 2024, we expect a smaller year-over-year revenue decline for our U.S. business overall as compared to the fourth quarter decline in the U.S. as we begin to anniversary the more significant pullback in demand in the year ago period.
Southern Europe revenue comprised 46% of consolidated revenue in the quarter. Revenue in Southern Europe was $2.1 billion, representing a 4% decrease in constant currency. As adjusted, OUP for our Southern Europe business was $94 million in the quarter and OUP margin was 4.5%.
France revenue comprised 57% of the Southern Europe segment in the quarter and decreased 4% in days adjusted constant currency. As adjusted, OUP for our France business was $48 million in the quarter, representing a decrease of 24%. As adjusted, OUP margin was 3.9%. The business in France experienced an additional softening of revenues during the fourth quarter.
Activity to date in January 2024 indicates a slight further decrease. We are estimating the year-over-year constant currency revenue trend in the first quarter for France to be down slightly from the fourth quarter trend based on January activity trends. Revenue in Italy equaled $450 million in the quarter, reflecting a decrease of 3% on a days adjusted constant currency basis. As adjusted, OUP equaled $32 million and OUP margin was 7.8%.
We estimate that Italy will also have a slightly lower constant currency year-over-year revenue trend in the first quarter compared to the fourth quarter. Our Northern Europe segment comprised 19% of consolidated revenue in the quarter. Revenue of $914 million represented a 10% decline in constant currency. After excluding restructuring costs and the goodwill impairment of our Netherlands business, adjusted OUP was $4 million and OUP margin was 0.4%.
The largest component of our restructuring charges in the region are driven by Germany, which I will discuss on the next slide. Our largest market in Northern Europe segment is the U.K., which represented 35% of segment revenues in the quarter. During the quarter, U.K. revenues decreased 13% on a days adjusted constant currency basis. This reflects a slight improvement from the rate of decline from the third quarter.
We expect a similar year-over-year revenue trend in the first quarter compared to the fourth quarter. In Germany, revenues increased 4% in days adjusted constant currency in the quarter, driven by our Manpower business. The previously announced wind down of our Proservia managed service business in Germany is largely complete, having substantially agreed terms with applicable workers' councils and impacted clients and during the second half of 2023.
The restructuring costs recorded in the quarter largely concludes the wind-down related one-off costs for our Proservia business. We have some final client transition activity running off in the first half of 2024, which will generate operating losses, which we will carve out separately for this discontinued business, which I will discuss in our guidance.
The wind down of our Proservia business removes a significant drag on our Germany operations and represents a significant step in strengthening the business for the future. In the first quarter, we are expecting a year-over-year revenue decline as certain automotive clients experienced isolated supply chain-related production slowdowns.
In the Netherlands, revenue decreased 8% on a days adjusted constant currency basis, and this represented a further rate of decline from the third quarter on the sustained basis. As previously referenced, based on the deteriorating market conditions in the Netherlands in recent quarters, we updated our goodwill impairment assessment at year-end and recorded a noncash impairment charge of $55 million.
We continue to monitor our Netherlands business closely and are taking various actions to improve profitability. The Asia Pacific Middle East segment comprises 12% of total company revenue. In the quarter, revenue was down 1% in organic constant currency to $552 million.
OUP was $22 million. OUP margin was 3.9%, flat year-over-year. The largest market in the APME segment is Japan, which represented 51% of segment revenues in the quarter. Revenue in Japan grew 10% in constant currency or 8% on a days adjusted basis. We remain very pleased with the consistent performance of our Japan business, and we expect continued strong revenue growth in the first quarter.
I'll now turn to cash flow and balance sheet. In full year 2023, free cash flow equaled $270 million compared to $348 million in the prior year. In the fourth quarter, free cash flow represented $91 million compared to $115 million in the prior year. At year-end, days sales outstanding decreased about 1.5 days to 54 days. During the fourth quarter, capital expenditures represented $23 million.
During the fourth quarter, we repurchased 695,000 shares of stock for $50 million. As of December 31, we have 4.6 million shares remaining for repurchase under the share program approved in August of 2023. Our balance sheet ended the year with cash of $581 million and total debt of $1 billion. Net debt equaled $421 million at year-end.
Our debt ratios at year-end reflect total gross debt to trailing 12 months adjusted EBITDA of $1.83 and total debt to total capitalization at 31%. Our debt and credit facilities remained unchanged during the quarter.
Next, review our outlook for the first quarter of 2024. Based on trends in the fourth quarter and January activity to date, our forecast is cautious and anticipates that the first quarter will continue to be challenging with further declines in our businesses in Europe which include expected lower seasonal bench utilization in the first quarter in certain markets such as the Nordics.
Our forecast for Q1 also anticipates ongoing low levels of permanent recruitment activity. It is also important to note that there is typically a meaningful seasonal sequential decrease in earnings from the fourth quarter to the first quarter. With that said, we are forecasting earnings per share for the first quarter to be in the range of $0.88 to $0.98, which excludes a forecasted unfavorable impact of $0.14 related to the runoff of the discontinued Proservia Germany business which will cease activity after the second quarter.
The guidance range also includes an unfavorable foreign currency impact of $0.02 per share, and our foreign currency translation rate estimates are disclosed at the bottom of the guidance slide. Our constant currency revenue guidance range is between a decrease of 4% and 8%, and at the midpoint represents a 6% decrease.
The impact of net dispositions and less working days contributes to an organic days adjusted constant currency revenue trend of about a 5% decrease at the midpoint. This represents a similar rate of decrease from the fourth quarter trend on the same basis. Excluding the discontinued Proservia runoff business impact on the first quarter of 2024, EBITDA margin is projected to be down 100 basis points at the midpoint.
We estimate that the effective tax rate for the first quarter will be 31%, which reflects the mix effect of lower earnings from lower tax geographies in the current environment with some expected offsetting tax items. We expect the full year 2024 effective tax rate to be approximately 32.5%, which incorporates a modest reduction in the French business tax as discussed last quarter and the current mix of earnings trends. When business in our lower rate geographies begin to improve, we expect the tax rate will begin to return to the lower underlying rates.
As usual, our guidance does not incorporate restructuring charges or additional share repurchases, and we estimate our weighted average shares to be $49.2 million. Our guidance also does not include the impact of the noncash currency translation adjustment for our hyperinflationary Argentina business, and we will also report that separately. I will now turn it back to Jonas.
Jonas Prising
Thank you, Jack. We have taken decisive actions to manage costs and improve our business and are accelerating our transformation road map to simplify our operations to drive sustainable efficiencies. The actions we have taken within our Germany Proservia managed services business, simplify our Germany business and position it for success. We remain confident in our diversification, digitization and innovation DDI strategy and are making strong progress across many key pillars of our plan.
Diversification is how we accelerate growth of higher margin business in all our brands. The Manpower brand is our history and our future, and the diverse clients we serve across verticals has enabled us to pivot to opportunities as economic uncertainty has impacted some sectors to a greater extent than others and some geographies more than others as well. Last quarter, we saw solid demand in automotive, public sector and logistics in several markets, offsetting pressures in other manufacturing verticals across our portfolio.
We also continue to strengthen the flexibility of our delivery models to our teams serve our clients in ways that best work for them. The growing demand for integrated on-site solutions with our clients is strengthening our relationships while we achieved increased productivity and revenues. Our focus on specialized skills is also beginning to deliver profitability improvements as we continue to boost skills and employability with our Manpower MyPath program, creating talent at scale in response to skill shortages and demographic trends.
Today, every company is a tech-enabled company. To meet the varied needs of our clients, we're diversifying delivering our Experience IT resourcing and services brand with offshore and nearshore solutions, including our IT talent hub in India that is bolstering enterprise client fulfillment. At the same time, our Experis academies continue to develop IT talent for growth roles in our key practice areas. As workforce complexity grows, clients value the breadth of offerings within our Talent Solutions brand, our Right management, recruitment process outsourcing and TAPFIN managed services provider offerings have all been recognized as global leaders in 2023.
Talent acquisition, development and transformation continue to be key priorities for our enterprise clients. As economic uncertainty persists, we have seen good growth in our Right Management business as companies seek to rightsize their organization, which has helped offset the reduction in recruitment activities impacting other offerings in the current environment.
Turning to digitization. We've made great progress in our technology road map during 2023. And we are proud to be leading the global industry through the deployment of PowerSuite, our global cloud-based platforms for front and back office. And I'm pleased with the work that we're doing to align our data using these platforms across our operations globally. By the end of 2023, the majority of our global revenues were using the PowerSuite front office and by the end of 2024, substantially, all of our revenues will be running through common technology, front office and web platforms.
We also continue to make very good progress on our back-office platform with significant country opplementations in progress, including major businesses such as France and the U.S. Innovation is how we future-proof our organization, accelerating the deployment of our AI recruitment tools and leveraging machine learning to enhance recruiter productivity.
We continue to make progress with scalable pilots in key markets. Our leading global technology infrastructure positions us very well for deploying AI-driven innovations and recruiter productivity tools at scale and speed. Each year, we provided an update on our sustainability progress, and we're proud of our ongoing commitment to people and the planet.
In November, we released our third annual working to change the world's report. Citing continued progress in upskilling people for in-demand roles and leading the way in ethical AI governance, developing best practice guardrails to help us and the clients we serve navigate this new space. Our recent survey of 38,000 global hiring managers also found 70% of employers are urgently recruiting or planning to recruit green talent.
With the highest demand in renewable energy, manufacturing, operations and IT. We're committed to taking a pragmatic industry-specific approach to green jobs and we're pleased to partner with our clients at the World Economic Forum in Davos to highlight the new skills and jobs that will be created as companies seek to compete better and become greener and more sustainable.
Our DDI strategy is positioning us for profitable growth and winning in the market, and we're making good progress in a challenging environment. During times a great change. Our teams are passionate about bringing people along as we shape the future work and the future for workers. Our talented colleagues around the world are dedicated to providing practical solutions to upscale people for success, and providing companies with resilient adaptable talent so they can flex and strengthen their workforces to deliver on their business strategy. I'd now like to open the line to Q&A. Operator?
Question and Answer Session
Operator
(Operator Instructions) the first question comes from Andrew Steinerman with JPMorgan.
Andrew Charles Steinerman
It does seem more likely that the Fed will walk us straight (inaudible) landing here in the U.S. and obviously, the stock market has received that favorably. Obviously, soft landing still needs to be executed, and that would be slowing GDP and rising unemployment rate. So I wanted to note about your first quarter guide. I know you used the word cautious, but it does include a more narrow year-over-year revenue decline in the U.S. compared to the fourth quarter. Is that only about the year-over-year comps? Or do you feel like that's the early effect of a soft landing as well? And I'm only talking about the U.S.
Jonas Prising
Andrew, I'd say that our first quarter guide reflects both because what we've seen, and I mentioned this in our prepared remarks, in a number of markets, including the U.S., we've seen stabilization.
In terms of our trend at the lower level for our brands as well as for the various offerings such as perm. So that stabilization carries us through into the first quarter, and that means the comparable decline, of course, lessens. So that's why you're seeing the improvement. So comps do play a role, but also the fact that we're seeing sequential stabilization across brands and offerings in the U.S. and a number of other countries as well.
Andrew Charles Steinerman
Could you just say a little bit more about how a soft landing in the U.S. would affect Manpower's U.S. business?
Jonas Prising
Well, if we see that the economy improves and what will drive the biggest difference to our business is that employer confidence broadly improves, that will clearly mean that we could reach then the inflection point and see an upturn in demand for our services across all of our brands. And I think that is, of course -- will be welcome U.S. when it happens, as we mentioned in our prepared remarks, we not seeing that inflection point yet but a soft landing in the U.S. would, of course, be very welcome.
Operator
The next question comes from Jeff Silber with BMO.
Jeffrey Marc Silber
Just a follow-up from Andrew's question. Maybe if I can ask the same thing about Europe. Obviously, trends there are a little bit weaker. But what do you think will take to get that either economy moving again or your business moving again in that region?
Jonas Prising
Jeff. Yes, as you might have seen this morning, the economic trends in Europe are noticeably weaker. And they just declared across the Eurozone a no growth environment for Q4. But some of the reasons behind that lack of economic growth are higher energy costs less government stimulus. But I think what is clear from speaking to clients in Europe is they consider the environment tough, the outlook uncertain but the headwinds manageable. So they still have a constructive outlook as they look into 2024.
And they are clearly telling us we're not seeing the upturn yet, but we expect things to improve as the economy improves. If you look at the distribution of where the economic pain is the greatest, I think it's clear that Northern Europe and Germany in particular, faces major economic headwinds and other parts of Northern Europe as well, Netherlands and Scandinavia, and we can see that reflected in our business.
And then we have Southern Europe with France getting a little bit softer, but Italy and Spain actually still being relatively strong from an economic growth perspective. So all of this to say, Europe is lagging the U.S. in terms of economic growth, which could also mean that as we think about a softer landing, the U.S. could come back sooner and quicker than Europe potentially.
So the likelihood of a major step down today as we look out and we talk to the companies that we serve, appears to be more focused on Black Swan like events related to geopolitical events that are very hard to predict. Other than that, their outlook is constructed into a recovering economy, so they believe it will. They just don't know when.
Jeffrey Marc Silber
Okay. That's helpful. If I could go more broadly and we can talk about billing rates and spreads. I know every region is different, but if you give us some high-level color in terms of what's going on there, I'd appreciate it.
John Thomas McGinnis
Jeff, sure, this is Jack. Yes, I'd be happy to talk to that. I mean I'll talk more generally since we don't publish specific billing rates due to the number of major markets we're in. But what I would say, and this aligns very much to what you saw in the GP margin walk is staffing is holding up very, very well. So we're seeing stable margins on the staffing side, and that's coming through in terms of bill rates. I'd say pretty stable overall for the fourth quarter.
And as you think about our guide into the first quarter, we expect that to continue. Our guide does reflect on the staffing margin and the gross profit margin side, a little more pressure in Northern Europe. We do expect to see a little more sickness in some of the bench countries based on what we're seeing in January.
Nothing that we would say would be a concern as we get through the first -- after the first quarter. But we do expect a little bit, but that's really more an impact on utilization. But so far, I'd say spreads and bill rates are holding up and are actually have been quite resilient.
Operator
The next question comes from Josh Chan with UBS.
Joshua K. Chan
I guess my first question is on margins. Could you talk about in Q4, what transpired to be slightly better than you expected on the margin front? And then if you roll over into Q1, how much of that sequential margin decline from Q4 to Q1 is just reflective of typical normal seasonality? And how much of the change is anything structural or demand related.
John Thomas McGinnis
Yes. Sure. I'd be happy to talk to that. So yes, we did come in at the higher end of our GP margin range, which was great. The way I would explain that, and you saw the year-over-year bridge on the margin. But generally, as we looked at the guide, France came in a bit better. We did say that we had a bit of a cautious guide on France in the fourth quarter. So France came in a bit better and those higher levels of activity at higher margin year-over-year in France came through, which helped the staffing margin a bit.
And I'd say perm came in very close to what we were expecting. So what you're starting to see, and I know you inquired on this last quarter is did perm peak in previous quarters at that minus 70 basis points year-over-year? You look in Q4, you see us go to minus 30. And to your question on Q1 expectations, we continue to see that anniversary impact on perm having a lesser impact year-over-year on the GP margin trend.
So we would expect that trend to continue. It will be a less year-over-year decline into the first quarter. And as you look at the gross profit margin for Q1 at that $17.3 million at the midpoint, really, that reflects continued stable staffing margins, as I mentioned, with a little pressure in Northern Europe on some utilization issues.
But I would say that's isolated and perm continues at stable activity levels, as we talked about. And I think the other item with Q1 is, as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, it is typically our smallest quarter and they get hit by some seasonal trends at all that impact the margin a bit as well when you look sequentially from Q4 into Q1. So I'd say that's -- those are the main considerations as you think about GP margin.
Joshua K. Chan
Okay. That's really helpful. And then on the U.S., could you just comment on how you're seeing the seasonal ramp-up in the staffing business. Usually, you ramp up starting in Jan 1 and kind of progresses through the next couple of months. So just any comment on the pace of that ramp-up versus normal? And then if you can have any finer color on how much better the Americas declined in Q1 would be versus Q4, that would be helpful.
Jonas Prising
So I'll take the first question -- part of your question, Josh, and then I'll have Jack jump in on the second part. So the seasonal ramp that we expect to see in the beginning of the year is a little bit slower than you would normally expect, which is not surprising given the economic headwinds that we're seeing across Europe and the U.S. and Canada specifically. So it is incorporated in our guide and it's a little bit slower. Of course, we're early in the quarter, so this may all change, but that's what we're seeing right now.
John Thomas McGinnis
And Josh, I would just say on your question on the guide for the Americas for Q1. So you can see Americas overall at the midpoint at that minus 1% in constant currency. Breaking that down between North America and Latin America, what that really means for the U.S., the U.S. just completed a pretty stable trend in the second half of 2023, down 14% days adjusted in Q3 and Q4.
And we see pretty consistent levels of activity at lower levels. As we walk into Q1, that means from a year-over-year perspective, the U.S. will be high single-digit decline improving. But again, and this came up earlier, a big part of that is the comparable from the prior year where the U.S. did step down in the first quarter.
But I think the main takeaway is activity levels remain relatively stable. And I'd say it's very similar for Canada. We don't talk a lot about Canada, but Canada has been performing very well on a margin perspective, but experiencing declines, not dissimilar to what we've been seeing in the U.S. market as well.
So -- and that's pretty consistent in the second half of the year and into the first quarter. And then Latin America continues to do very well. So we anticipate growth. Again, that's what's driving that only minus 1 for the region overall. And Latin America has been performing quite well. It's good to see Mexico go back to double-digit growth in the fourth quarter. And we anticipate the first quarter will be a good environment for Latin America from a revenue perspective.
Operator
The next question comes from Mark Marcon with Baird.
Mark Steven Marcon
I was wondering, with regards to perm, what percentage of GP is perm currently running at?
John Thomas McGinnis
Yes. Mark, thanks for that. Perm is currently at 15.3%. And I know you inquired on this last quarter as well. It has stepped down a little bit. Last quarter, it was about $16.5 million. And I think that just reflects the continued stabilization. I think year-over-year, the rate in perm decline year-over-year was about the same. And we're just seeing that kind of work its way in.
So I think that reflects -- and I think we commented a little bit on this last quarter as well. I think that reflects a range that's in line with where we were pre-pandemic. So perm has stabilized quite a bit and is more of a typical mix of our GP on an overall basis.
Mark Steven Marcon
That's great. And then you've got a number of efficiency initiatives in place. I'm wondering, do you have any updates with regards to -- as we think about the unwinding of the Proservia business what that would end up doing with regards to German margins, all things being equal.
And then, Jonas, you mentioned a number of initiatives that you put in place, including we've got the deployment of Power suite. We've got some new AI initiatives in place. How -- like as we go out, say, 6 months to a year from now, how much more efficient could Manpower be?
John Thomas McGinnis
So I'll start that, Mark, with your question on Germany specifically. And yes, I think the wind down of Proservia is a major step forward in improving the profitability of Germany. It was a very complex wind down. We're very happy with the way that was conducted. And as I mentioned in our prepared remarks, we've substantially concluded all the one-off actions related to that.
So where we are now is just we're down to the final runoff of client contracts through the first half of next year. In my guide, we don't disclose profitability outside the major markets. But what I will say, directionally to answer your question, in my guide, I do carve out the runoff impact of Proservia for the first quarter.
So I said that, that's about 20 basis points on the margin if you were to include it. If you do the math, that would indicate a loss of about $7 million at the midpoint for that business. So I think directionally, that gives you a bit of an idea of that will runoff after the second quarter, and that will be removed from the run rate. And so that will have a significant impact in improving Germany's profitability once we get to the midpoint of 2024.
So it gives you a little bit of an idea of the improvement. And we feel very good about the progress we've made on the Manpower side, as you've seen from the revenue growth rates in Germany and that will be very good for us in the second half of the year.
Jonas Prising
And Mark, to talk a bit about the efficiencies. A good starting point is probably DDI. So our diversification strategy is all about improving our margin mix within and between our brands so that we move into higher-margin businesses. And I think we've made some excellent progress. And as we've noted in our prepared remarks, our GP margin has been resilient, and that's really great to see. And some of that comes, of course, from an improved business mix within our brands as well as between our brands.
The digitization efforts that we've been working on almost for 4 years now have really established us at the forefront of our industry because we're deploying a common global platforms for front and back office and web properties. And we are implementing now the last big operations. And as I mentioned in the prepared remarks, by the end of this year, substantially all of our revenues will run through the same web and front office platforms.
And that's what we're really excited about because we think that there are clearly, efficiencies and productivity initiatives that we can now drive not only in each country, but across geographies and implement that speed and scale in a way where we're never able to do before. But it also means that we can improve recruiter productivity and drive fill rates up in a way as we transfer best practices and we implement new tools to support our recruiters become even more successful and productive at a scale and speed that we've never been able to do before.
But as I also mentioned during my prepared remarks, one of the things that I've learned as it relates to AI in general and generative AI, in particular, is that to take advantage of these new technologies, which look immensely promising in so many areas. The requirement to be able to take advantage of those is to have a modern technology infrastructure. And of course, that's exactly what we have been building for a number of years.
So it's too early to talk about the impact of large language models and generative AI now. But the promise they hold we think is immensely exciting, and we feel very good about how we are positioned to take advantage of those improvements as they come to market because we have a global platform where we can deploy them across all of our global organization at the same time, and that is exactly what we're working on as we look ahead into the future.
Mark Steven Marcon
And then as you were at doubles, you obviously get to talk to lots of European leaders while you're there as well as your own people. How are your clients in Europe thinking about the economic environment unfolding for this year? You mentioned that it lags the U.S. But there's obviously supply chain constraints that might be impacted by what's occurring geopolitically at this point in time? And Fuel prices continue to be high, and then you've got farmers that are evolving.
How -- what's the general sense there in terms of how far along are we in terms of this period of softness and when we might see an inflection? I know you're hesitant to say when the inflection could occur. But just -- does it feel like it's getting worse or is it stabilizing?
Jonas Prising
Well, I think it depends on which country you're in, Mark. But if I step back and you think about what happened during and after the pandemic. We came out of the pandemic in '21 with tremendous supply chain shortages and companies ordering anything and all the products and services they could get in a pipeline that they largely to start consuming and see a return to normal supply chain functioning sometime end of '22 and all the way through '23, they've been working on the inventories that they've been getting and as they look ahead. They are constructive on the outlook because they note that the uncertainty exists primarily due to geopolitical events but the economic news are actually quite encouraging.
Labor markets remain strong. Inflation is coming down. Energy prices have stabilized. And their supply chain issues have normalized post pandemic. So from an economic perspective, as you look out, many of the European business leaders we spoke with we're quite upbeat in terms of their outlook for 2024.
They know that geopolitical uncertainties could impact that, but that's nothing they control. So within the things they control, felt constructive about '24, but they know we don't know when it's going to be improving don't know when interest rates are going to come down. But overall, they are probably very much thinking that this is an environment that is tough.
Challenging headwinds in a number of industries, but they can see the elements of the recovery are there. And until then, they're waiting, they're holding, but they are getting ready for the recovery. That's my sense.
Operator
The next question comes from Kartik Mehta with Northcoast Research.
Kartik Mehta
Jack, I wanted to go back to a statement you made about bill rate spreads and then holding fairly stable. And so I'm assuming competition hasn't picked up. And if that's an accurate statement, are you at all surprised considering what's going on with revenue trends that competition hasn't picked up?
John Thomas McGinnis
Well, I would say on that, Kartik, really, if you look at the labor market to Jonas' earlier comments, the backdrop to all of this is the labor market is still relatively tight. It's been incredibly resilient. And as a result, it's still relatively hard to get quality workers. So our clients are willing to continue to pay, I'd say, stable bill rates and margins have been holding for that reason.
Even though demand has been down, I think the backdrop of the labor markets still being relatively tight, is a big part of the equation that's holding staffing margins to where they are. And I would say it isn't broad brush.
There are -- as we said, there are a lot of markets that are actually not seeing the same degree of pressure that we're seeing in some of North America and some of the European markets. And that's been a positive as well, I think, in terms of stronger demand in certain markets. If you take a step back and you look at markets like Italy only down low single digits, right? So it's really in the markets where you're seeing the bigger declines that I think it is a fair question to ask, why aren't you seeing a little more pressure?
But I think if you look at the labor markets in those countries, that's really the reason why it's been holding up quite well.
Kartik Mehta
And then I wanted to get your perspective, your unit's perspective on Right Management. We're here at least in the headlines, more layoffs, more companies kind of rightsizing their labor force. And I'm wondering -- as you -- just the outlook in that business?
Jonas Prising
I think, what we have seen is an increased demand for the services of Right Management, but I think we need to put that within the context of what we're seeing employers doing overall. So whilst they are -- some are trimming their workforces, most employers are still holding on to their workforce. And any reduction in workforce for now has been really mostly felt by our industry and other indicators of labor market flexibility and doesn't touch their specific workforce.
Clearly, you've seen the tech company, the large enterprise tech companies do this early into '23 and resize their workforce. And you now have other organizations that are also trimming their workforces for various reasons. But as we look into the first quarter, what we're estimating is that we'll continue to see good demand for Right Management resources, but not an accelerated demand for those offerings.
And that would indicate that the employer attitude is still by and large hold on to our workforce and wait for the economic conditions and -- to come back, employer confidence to increase as opposed to preparing for larger-scale layoffs that would indicate a much stronger growth in Right Management. So that's how we would think about it.
Operator
The next question comes from Manav Patnaik with Barclays.
Manav Shiv Patnaik
Apologies if this is an overgeneralization, but what environment, I guess, is perfect for you guys? So in the U.S., I suppose that there's a soft landing and job growth is still moderating, perhaps there's more temps than permanent hiring activity because of that. And then in Europe, things seem to be worse, not along the same line. So is that just bad that there's no hiring temp or permanent? Just trying to appreciate what the right mix is.
Jonas Prising
Well, Manav, the perfect environment for us is global demand for our services and solutions is booming. But that is not the case for our industry in this moment, at least. But I would say, when we think about the demand for our services, this is an economic cycle that is increasingly looking similar to many other cycles that we have seen.
As we discussed in our last quarter earnings call, from what we're seeing, whilst our industry is absorbing a lessening of demand taking within a historical context this is still within the realms of a softer economy, whether it's a soft landing or a lighter recession. That's for others to say. But there -- the stabilization of perm recruitment across a number of quarters now in the context of a strong labor market means that companies are still hiring people. They are just being much more deliberate, much more cautious and much more precise in what kind of talent they're bringing in.
And I'd say the same thing applies for temporary staffing. Yes, we've seen a drop in demand, in particular, from an enterprise client perspective and in certain sectors. But overall, both geographically in LatAm and in Asia Pacific, as well as in other parts of Europe, you can see that there is still demand for temporary staffing and our Experis consultants with the IT skills and specializations that they have.
So what we believe is going to be an important turning point is when employers caution moves into employer confidence in an improved outlook. And as we've seen in past recoveries, the time when employers are more confident, but not fully confident in the recovery is when we see a big move upwards in demand for our services and solutions across our brands. because a lot of companies, of course, are reducing their own hiring, their talent acquisitions, teams are either gone or reduced, and that means they need additional capacity to ramp up the workforce they need to be able to compete and to prepare to execute and continue their business strategy.
And that's, I think, where we are. Right now, employers are more cautious. They have -- they think it's manageable, and you can see that in our overall numbers. But when they get more confident and they feel the turning point is here, that's when we will see it in our business, both in the U.S. as well as in Europe.
Manav Shiv Patnaik
Got it. And just as a quick follow-up. I mean, given a lot of this, as you've described, is kind of an economic cycle, when you review your businesses like in Germany, Proservia and then in the Netherlands or whatever, like at what point do you decide is more -- like how do you decide is more than just economic cycle and you need to get out of those businesses? Like what are some of the common traits that lead you to that decision?
Jonas Prising
Well, I think the Germany example of Proservia is really a unique one-off situation with a specific business that we took over from a client. And it ran very well for a number of years, but then structural issues within that business have proven to be very difficult for us to turn around.
And at this point and with the German economy being in the state that it is, we've we feel and we feel that it's time to make a significant change, which is what you saw us doing. The other aspect of the Proservia business, it's also noncore to our strategies. So it is really a unique situation in Germany, and that's why we made the change. The situation in Netherlands is not at all on the same -- at that level.
It's a market that's struggling and where we felt that this was a good time to make this adjustment. But overall, we expect to compete and do well in Netherlands over time just as we expect and feel really good about the German market.
Operator
The next question comes from Tobey Sommer with Truist Securities.
Tobey O'Brien Sommer
I wanted to touch on something you just mentioned. We've heard that large companies, in general, have not reduced their own internal recruiting capacity as much as might be normal in -- by historic terms and slowdowns. Could you talk about what you're seeing in terms of internal recruiting capacity at customers and what that may imply for demand for staffing, perm RPO for example, in a recovery?
Jonas Prising
Tobey, I think what we're hearing is that the team, since there's not a lot of hiring going on in many sectors, those individuals have been reallocated. And as you look at 2 other functions and/or have left and are doing different things. So in our conversations as it relates to, for instance, opportunities within our RPO. Many of our customers are getting ready for an upturn or asking us to prepare, they are not ready to pull the trigger yet, but they are clearly thinking about the recovery and what they need to be doing when they are confident that the market is coming back for their products and services. So we really expect this to play out more or less the same way that we've seen other returns and bounce back as far as the industry is concerned, both here in the U.S. and across the world, frankly.
Tobey O'Brien Sommer
Okay. So it sounds like internal recruiting capacity a corporation is being drawn down. Great. What are you experiencing in domestic IT staffing demand? In particular, I was wondering if you could comment on the financial services vertical in tech, including Global Tech?
Jonas Prising
As we mentioned in a couple of calls ago, the first hold down really came from enterprise tech. And then what we've seen there is a stabilization at the lower level. Convenience clients are holding up much better than enterprise tech, and they are actually significantly better because of the skill shortage is still prevalent in that market. So I would say the tech demand has stabilized at a lower level, better for convenience than for large enterprise organization the banking and the finance sector is now feeling a bit more headwind, but I would characterize it as manageable and you saw our outlook for Experis overall is sequentially stable to slightly improve in the U.S. looking into the first quarter.
Operator
Next question comes from Trevor Romeo with William Blair.
Unidentified Analyst
Just one maybe on Japan, which might get lost in the shuffle a bit given all the focus on Europe, but I think it's been a real bright spot. The performance there has been strong and consistent. So could you maybe just talk about the drivers behind the strength there in Japan, what kind of outlook you have there in the near term?
Jonas Prising
Well, thanks for bringing that up, Trevor. It's the 37th consecutive quarter of growth in Japan. And I think Japan is a really interesting example of a country that is struggling demographically and has a shortage of labor, but where we've managed to position ourselves both from a Manpower and Experis perspective as really the experts in finding and creating talent at scale. And that's really been one of the key factors of how we've made progress in Japan is, of course, excellent recruitment and delivery capabilities.
But each of our brands also has a very strong reskilling and upskilling arm of that brand. So we are generating a lot of talent with marketable skills and scale in Japan. And that is really a main factor of the progress that we've seen. We've also moved into some interesting healthcare areas, eldercare as well as childcare in Japan. And given the aging population, we see that as a very good opportunity, and that's been an investment that we've made over a number of years, and that is starting to take hold.
And we think that will continue to be an important part of our business. So the team in Japan has done an excellent job really finding the opportunities that exist in a market where you have an aging demographic, a shrinking in the workforce and being seen as a solutions provider by not only finding great talent but creating talent at scale.
And that's exactly what we intend to do as we see similar trends play out both in Europe and in the U.S. through our Experis academy as well as our Manpower MyPath programs making sure that we are known as the company that has great ability to find, but also to create the need and talent for our clients, which helps us deliver the best talent in the market in time and at speed.
John Thomas McGinnis
And Trevor, I would just say for the first quarter guide for Japan, Japan has been running at days adjusted, just about double digits to high single digits, and we anticipate that for the first quarter, maybe closer to the very high single-digit days adjusted. So very strong outlook for the first quarter for Japan.
Unidentified Analyst
Okay. That's great. And then just quickly on SG&A. I guess where do you think you are in terms of cost management. It sounds like you took some additional headcount reductions this quarter, how much room do you think you have for additional reductions, whether it be headcount or other avenues of the sluggish macro kind of continues?
John Thomas McGinnis
Sure. I'd be happy to talk to that very quickly. So I think we feel good about the actions we've taken. We did -- we talked about the additional head count down, personnel costs are about 2/3 of our overall cost. So as we end the year, we're down 9%. We moved another 3% down in the fourth quarter. So I think we feel that we've taken the necessary actions for the most part based on the current environment. Certainly, we've talked a lot about Germany and the change in improving the trend for that business. once we conclude the Proservia here.
But I think we feel pretty good, but at the same time, continuing to balance that. So as Jonas said, we want to be prepared for the upturn when it happens. So it's a balance, and we want to make sure we have the right sales personnel and the right producers for when that happens.
And so we're balancing that carefully, but you did see additional cost takeout in the fourth quarter, and we expect that trend to continue into the first quarter on a trending basis.
Operator
The next question comes from Heather Balsky with Bank of America.
Heather Nicole Balsky
You talked with the first question in the Q&A about the U.S. and some of the signs of stabilization. I'm curious if you can elaborate further which markets beyond the U.S., you kind of feel like things have stabilized. And then a little bit more color on what you're looking at to get confidence in things stabilizing just given all the macro challenges we see right now? Is it data out there? Is that what you're seeing in the underlying business through January? Is that what you're hearing from your customers? Just helpful to get your thought process.
John Thomas McGinnis
Sure. Heather, I'll talk to that very quickly. So I think -- you're right. U.S. is our second biggest business. We did see that stabilize in the second half of the year. I think the other big one, #4 business for us is the U.K. U.K. went from minus 15% days adjusted to minus 13% in Q4.
So slight improvement, seeing underlying stabilization. We expect that to continue based on the guide that we gave into the first quarter. So I'd say of the bigger markets, those are the 2 big ones that we've seen good stabilization in the second half of 2023. And as I'd say, on activity levels going into the first quarter, I will say not quite in that same camp a little bit further decline would be France and Italy, but very modest.
So we're not talking about those markets, seeing significant pullbacks we're seeing more gradual easing. And so that's -- in our guide that takes France from the minus 4% in Q4 to minus 5 in Italy, moves from that minus 3 days adjusted to a little bit bigger of a decline into the first quarter as well.
So those are the main countries when I think about stabilization of the bigger countries we're in. And then to your point, I think the second part of your question was what type of data points would be good to monitor as we look at that potentially changing. I think on the Manpower businesses, manufacturing PMIs are always a pretty good read-through in terms of demand. And so I'd say continuing to look at that.
As we sit here today, Europe continues to be in the 43% to 44% range, so quite below the 50% in the U.S. as well. So I'd say that is important. And then I think on the professional side, it's really going to come down to Jonas' earlier comments on employer confidence with restarting IT projects and related spend. So that's going to come down to elimination of deferring projects and moving more into scheduling those projects moving forward.
So -- and as you mentioned earlier, some of that's going to be predicated based on overall events in the economy and interest rates and other factors that give players the confidence that we're moving into a more predictable environment.
Heather Nicole Balsky
That's helpful. And just as a follow-up question, it's something where BofA paying attention to is what's going on in the Red Sea and Panama Canal. I'm just curious, have your customers started talking about that at all? Is there any sense of concern? Or is it still too early?
Jonas Prising
Overall, I have the right say it's still a bit early. There have been well publicized circumstances around some of the automotive industry. And that is well known, and so that may have an impact. But we'll -- and primarily, in that case, from our perspective, in Germany, but other than that, I think it's a little bit early still, Heather.
Operator
We will take our last question from George Tong with Goldman Sachs.
Keen Fai Tong
The midpoint of your revenue guide points to a widening rate of constant currency decline, and you talked about weaker economic trends in Europe relative to the U.S. based on business trends you've seen so far in 1Q, can you elaborate on which regions in Europe are seeing the most amount of incremental softening in revenue?
John Thomas McGinnis
Yes, George, I'd be happy to talk to that. So you're right. On a constant currency basis, we do step down from minus 5% in Q4 to minus 6%. But I would say days are a big factor in Q1. So when you adjust for billing days, we're actually running very close to the same trend. So days adjusted organic days adjusted, we were at minus 5% in Q4.
And we're also at minus 5% in Q1. But there are puts and takes in that, to your point. So the way I would look at it is the rate of decline improves in the U.S., as we've talked about earlier, largely due to the fact that you start to anniversary a bit of a step down a year ago, activity levels relatively stable. And I would say the U.K., similar, I would say, similar activity levels into Q1, a little more pressure in France and Italy into Q1.
I think if you offset that against favorable trends in APME and LatAm, that kind of gets you to an overall days adjusted organic constant currency, in line with what we just completed. So a bit of puts and takes. And then I'd say the other area where we're seeing a little more pressure is in Northern Europe that we talked about in the Nordics and the Netherlands market that we talked about earlier on the call. But that's a bit of the rundown on the progression from Q4 to Q1.
Keen Fai Tong
Got it. That's helpful. And you mentioned, it's difficult to pinpoint when an inflection will happen with revenue. What are the elements are there, how do you think about when operating margins will potentially inflect?
John Thomas McGinnis
Yes. I would say very much in line with the revenue trend. So I think we've done a lot of work on cost actions in the second half of '23. We feel good that, that's going to work its way through in preserving margin as we go forward here. As you think about those inflection points on revenue, Perm is going to be part of the equation. We talked about RPO when hiring programs commence again, in a bigger way, we'll see -- we would expect to see more RPO activity.
The good news is we continue to have very strong global RPO clients. When demand and hiring requisitions recommence, we will see a surge in that business when that occurs. And as the operational leverage comes back into the business, you'll see us expand our EBITDA margins accordingly with that. So I would say moving very much in line with revenue trends as we move forward.
Jonas Prising
Thanks, everyone. That brings us to the end of our earnings call for the fourth quarter. We look forward to speaking with all of you again as we report our first quarter results sometime in May. Until then. Thanks, everyone.
Operator
This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.
