Q4 2023 Telephone and Data Systems Inc Earnings Call

Participants

Colleen Thompson; VP of Corporate Relations; Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.

Douglas W. Chambers; Executive VP, CFO, Treasurer & Director; United States Cellular Corporation

Laurent C. Therivel; President, CEO & Director; United States Cellular Corporation

Michelle M. Brukwicki; CFO; TDS Telecommunications LLC

Vicki L. Villacrez; Executive VP, CFO & Director; Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.

Michael Ian Rollins; MD & U.S. Telecoms Analyst; Citigroup Inc., Research Division

Richard Hamilton Prentiss; Head of Telecommunication Services Equity Research & Research Analyst; Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division

Sergey Dluzhevskiy; Portfolio Manager; GAMCO Investors, Inc.

Simon William Flannery; MD; Morgan Stanley, Research Division

Presentation

Operator

Good morning, and welcome to TDS and UScellular's Fourth Quarter 2023 Operating Results Conference Call. (Operator Instructions) As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded.
I would now like to turn the call over to Colleen Thompson, Vice President of Corporate Relations. Thank you. Please go ahead.

Colleen Thompson

Good morning, and thank you for joining us. We want to make you all aware of the presentation we have prepared to accompany our comments this morning, which you can find on the Investor Relations sections of the TDS and UScellular websites.
With me today and offering prepared comments are from TDS, Vicki Villacrez, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; from UScellular, LT Therivel, President and Chief Executive Officer; Doug Chambers, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer; and from TDS Telecom, Michelle Brukwicki, Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer.
This call is being simultaneously webcast on the TDS and UScellular Investor Relations website. Please see the websites for slides referred to on this call, including non-GAAP reconciliations.
We provide guidance for both adjusted operating income before depreciation and amortization or OIBDA, and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, to highlight the contributions of UScellular's wireless partnerships. TDS and UScellular filed their SEC Forms 8-K, including the press releases and our 10-Ks earlier this morning.
As shown on Slide 2, the information set forth in the presentation and discussed during this call contains statements about expected future events and financial results that are forward-looking and subject to risks and uncertainties. Please review the safe harbor paragraph in our press releases and the extended version included in our SEC filings.
And with that, I will now turn the call over to Vicki Villacrez. Vicki?

Vicki L. Villacrez

Okay. Thank you, Colleen, and hello, everyone. I hope you are doing well. This morning, we'll take a quick look back at last year and also share with you our 2024 priorities and goals. 2023 was a challenging year for the organization, yet the teams navigated it well and we ended the year in a good place as we move into 2024.
Before we get into the details, I want to reiterate that as we announced on August 4, last year, we've embarked on a review of the strategic alternatives at UScellular. We are not going to comment on the process today, except to say that it remains ongoing and that management of TDS and UScellular, along with both Boards, are committed to a path that is in the best interest of the company and our shareholders. Given the nature of the process, we do not expect to have updates until it is concluded.
Now let's talk about the business. In 2023, we continue to make substantial investments in our businesses, in order to improve our competitiveness while enhancing the customer experience. Over the last 2 years, TDS Telecom invested heavily and increased its total footprint by 21%, setting it up for strong top and bottom line growth as evidenced by Telecom's guidance for 2024.
UScellular has made progress on its 5G rollout and expect to continue investing in mid-band deployment throughout 2024. UScellular also modestly delevered in 2023 and will continue to balance ongoing investments with the need to generate positive free cash flow. While reinvesting still remains a high priority, given the interest rate environment and high cost of debt, we plan on slowing our CapEx investments for TDS Telecom in 2024, as you can see in our guidance.
Despite the high interest rate environment, TDS' weighted average cost of debt and preferred equity is 6.5%. We believe that we have the right mix of both long-term maturities and shorter-term financings to help fund our investments while appropriately managing through the current interest rate environment. We ended the year maintaining access to liquidity, and we have a sizable amount of debt that isn't due for quite some time.
I also want to note that in the fourth quarter, TDS Telecom took a $547 million noncash goodwill impairment charge in conjunction with our annual goodwill assessment. This charge was due to a combination of factors, primarily rising interest rates and competitive pressures in our ILEC legacy markets. The noncash charge eliminates all the goodwill at TDS Telecom and does not impact reported adjusted EBITDA or adjusted OIBDA.
From a consolidated enterprise perspective, I'm pleased that we are maintaining rigorous cost discipline programs, focusing on both OpEx and CapEx, which led to moderate full year 2023 increases in adjusted EBITDA and reduced capital expenditures. And at the same time, allocating our capital towards critical network investments.
Before I turn the call over, as you probably saw earlier today, TDS announced its first quarter dividend, raising the rate modestly from 2023, as we balance the needs of our businesses and returns to our shareholders. I'd also like to take a moment to thank all of our associates for their exceptional hard work and dedication in these dynamic times. We are positioned well to execute against our priorities for 2024.
And with that, I'll now turn the call over to LT.

Laurent C. Therivel

Thank you, Vicki. Good morning, everybody. My remarks this morning are going to primarily focus on our annual results, highlighting the key achievements in 2023. But then I'll turn to our priorities for 2024. Doug will then cover the fourth quarter results in a little more detail along with covering guidance.
So let's start by reviewing the highlights on Slide 5. We've had a consistent message that we've reinforced in prior calls, that our goal for 2023 was to properly balance subscriber objectives with financial goals. And I think our results are a reflection of that deliberate approach.
As we discussed throughout 2023, our challenge was driving subscriber growth, add momentum in the context of an extremely competitive environment. We delivered on our operating cash flow and adjusted EBITDA guidance for the year, and we were able to do so through solid growth in ARPU, coupled with disciplined and efficient spending.
For the full year, we delivered 2% growth in postpaid ARPU and a 3% increase in adjusted EBITDA.
Last year was our first full year of offering flat rate plans, and we ended the year with 17% of our postpaid handset customers on these plans. It's up from 5% around this time a year ago. And I'm really pleased with how they're performing. Many of our customers benefit from the options of this lower service plan pricing in exchange for lower promotional value. And as a reminder, these plans generally provide the same economics to us as our traditional plans since we don't incur device expense.
Our average in contract rate for 2023 was just north of 62%, that's up 1.5 points from the prior year, and that helped us to moderate churn. For the full year, we modestly reduced both postpaid and prepaid churn, and that's a nice result given the aggressive competitive environment.
Turning to growth initiatives. Our third-party tower revenues reached a milestone, crossing $100 million in revenues and growing 8% for the year. As I mentioned last quarter, as the wireless industry has moderated capital expenditures last year, we experienced a slowdown in new tenant and amendment activity, and I expect that will impact tower revenue growth rates also in 2024.
That being said, we remain bullish on the long-term outlook for our tower business. Although the near-term activity has slowed, the long-term capacity needs of the industry are going to require future densification and that's going to drive demand for our towers. We have a unique portfolio of towers that are still below the industry average in terms of colocation. So we have a lot of opportunity to grow.
We also have strong momentum in fixed wireless. We finished the year with 114,000 customers, that's up 46% from a year ago. Over the last 2 years, we've seen strong performance with this product. And as a reminder, the vast majority of that growth has been on the low-band spectrum.
Now that we're rolling out mid-band spectrum, we're going to be able to offer higher speeds and capacity where that spectrum is deployed. Since fixed wireless leverages the same network as our mobility product and the same investments, we believe this is a cost-efficient means to grow revenue and to grow cash flows.
As I mentioned, we delivered a 3% increase in adjusted EBITDA over the prior year, and we did so through very disciplined and efficient spending. In fact, for the full year, we reduced cash expenses across LOE, system operations and SG&A. This is impressive given the usage on the network increased almost 30% in 2023. Speaking of the network, about 80% of our traffic is carried by sites that are modernized for low-band 5G.
During 2023, we shifted our focus from 5G modernization to mid-band deployment. And similar to our previous network deployments, this will be a multiyear build-out. By the end of 2024, we expect to cover 30% of our POPs with mid-band, and we'll have almost half of our data traffic running on sites that are equipped with mid-band spectrum. We plan to be targeted about this rollout, in order to reach the most customers with the best technology as efficiently as possible.
Finally, on the network, we sunset our CDMA network in mid-January of this year. Team did a great job in helping our customers migrate and the vast majority of them are now on more advanced technologies that provide a better network experience.
Turning to Slide 6. In 2024, our operational priorities remain consistent. Our top priority remains to balance subscriber growth with financial discipline. We delivered nice ARPU growth last year, and we expect to modestly grow it again in 2024. We feel like there's still room to bring customers up to higher value plans and offerings. And in terms of promotions, we expect to focus heavily on retention offers, anticipate pulsing aggressive upgrade promotions throughout the year to ensure we're taking care of our customers and that we're retaining them.
For fixed wireless in 2024, we expect our momentum to continue. With the addition of mid-band spectrum, we can provide an even better experience for our customers, enabling us to better compete against other carriers and cable wireless providers. As I mentioned, we also expect tower revenues to grow, but not at the level that we saw in early '23, probably closer to a low to single -- mid-single-digit pace in the near term.
We plan to keep working on our multiyear cost reduction program. We've had strong success in reducing costs throughout 2023, and we still see room for more efficiencies in the upcoming year. With all that in mind, we once again intend to be cash flow positive in 2024.
Briefly, I'd like to spend just a moment updating you on efforts to help bridge the digital divide. 41% of the population that the UScellular covers are in rural America. And as I've discussed in past calls, it's more expensive to cover rural America, more challenging network coverage environment and there's less customer density to help pay for the investments needed. We would not have been able to bring the high-quality connectivity to many of these hard-to-serve communities without the support of the Universal Service Fund.
In Washington, there's 2 programs being rolled out and that can spur further deployment of 5G networks and enhance economic opportunities in rural areas, but those programs need to be aligned and they need to be sequenced carefully. The first program is the 5G Fund for Rural America. You know it as the 5G Fund, that has over $9 billion allocated to improve 5G connectivity across the country. And the second is the BEAD Program. That's $42.5 billion allocated to it, to enhance broadband connectivity for homes and businesses across the country. And these are big dollars. And we as a nation owe it to rural America to spend the dollars effectively and efficiently.
And as such, we believe the prudent course is to allow all of the BEAD funding decisions to be made before 5G Fund allocations take place. And there's 2 reasons for that. First, BEAD will fund fiber density in areas that lack 5G coverage today, and that will significantly reduce the cost of tower deployment. And second, BEAD will fund some fixed wireless deployments that will, by default, bring 5G mobile connections to those areas. And after we have visibility into fiber and fixed-wireless deployments funded by BEAD, the 5G Fund can then further expand 5G mobile connectivity into rural areas that aren't covered by BEAD.
And speaking of BEAD, we are encouraged with the opportunity we've seen so far in several states within our territory, including Missouri and Illinois and Nebraska, have included fixed-wireless access in their plans for BEAD deployment. And as I said in the past, we have a compelling product that can meet the BEAD speed requirements and deliver a strong broadband experience to on and underconnected geographies in a relatively short period of time. And we see a lot of advantages in working with the states on this, and we're going to continue to do so.
And finally, before I hand it off to Doug, let me just share a few thoughts on guidance. Our guidance assumes a continuation of an industry-wide aggressive, competitive environment. That includes aggressive competition from cable wireless players. And that's coupled with a focus on cost reductions and efficient capital spend at UScellular. Our focus remains on maximizing return on capital while generating positive free cash flow. We'll be pulling the available levers to improve both of these measures over time. I want to thank the entire team for their hard work and ongoing commitment to serving our customers.
And I'll now turn the call over to Doug.

Douglas W. Chambers

Okay. Thanks, LT. Good morning, everybody. Let's start with a review of our customer results on Slide 7. For the quarter, postpaid handset gross additions decreased by 25,000 and net additions correspondingly declined 33,000, largely due to the intense competitive environment as well as an increase in churn partially attributable to a decline in our in-contract rate. Connected device results were largely in line with the prior year and include the strong fixed-wireless results that LT previously mentioned.
Moving to Slide 8. Prepaid gross additions declined $18,000, driven by the competitive environment, a lower pool of prepaid gross adds, which is partially due to the availability of lower-end postpaid offerings and a reduced number of national retailers offering our full suite of prepaid products as we rationalize our prepaid distribution based on profitability. This decrease in gross additions was mitigated by an improvement in prepaid churn as we continue to enhance both pricing and digital engagement with our prepaid customers during 2023, and as a result, prepaid net additions decreased 11,000.
Now let's turn to the financial results starting on Slide 9. Service revenue declined 3% due to a decrease in our average retail subscriber base, partially mitigated by an increase in postpaid ARPU, which was largely driven by a decrease in promotional cost amortization.
Power results are shown on Slide 10. The business delivered a solid quarter with $25 million of third-party tower revenues, which represents 3% growth. And as LT mentioned, we are bullish on the long-term revenue opportunities of the tower business.
On the next slide, as disclosed last quarter, our own towers are well diversified from a geographic and revenue distribution standpoint.
Next, let's turn to our quarterly operating performance shown on Slide 12. For this discussion, I will refer to adjusted operating income before depreciation and amortization as adjusted operating income. As I mentioned, service revenues declined 3%. However, this decline was more than offset with expense decreases, which resulted in a 19% increase in adjusted operating income.
Loss on equipment or equipment sales less cost of equipment sold decreased 38% as a result of lower transaction volume and lower promotional costs per transaction, partially due to higher adoption of flat rate plans where customers are not eligible for higher levels of device discounts. Consistent with the industry, we saw a decline in upgrade rates, which contributed to lower equipment sales.
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased 7%, driven by decreases in bad debt expense, the continued favorable impact from the reduction in workforce executed in the second quarter of 2023, lower selling-related expenses driven by decreased transaction volumes and ongoing expense discipline across categories.
Let's turn to our 2024 guidance on Slide 14. Our 2024 guidance contemplates the impact of our subscriber base decline in 2023, modest ARPU growth in a highly competitive and promotional environment as we continue to balance subscriber growth with financial discipline. We expect ranges of approximately $2.95 billion to $3.05 billion in service revenues, $750 million to $850 million in adjusted operating income and $920 million to $1.02 billion in adjusted EBITDA.
These ranges include the impact of shutting down our CDMA network from both a revenue and cost perspective in January 2024. At the time of the shutdown, we had approximately 18,000 remaining CDMA connections, and we are still working to provide these customers with new devices to access our network. This is down substantially from 174,000 CDMA customers at the beginning of 2023. And as LT mentioned, reflects the great work by our marketing and sales teams to ensure our CDMA customers transition to new devices to be able to continue service upon the shutdown. These customers will not be reflected as defections or churn in our 2024 results. However, the subset of these customers that ultimately defect, will have the impact of reducing 2024 service revenues.
In addition, shutting down our CDMA network is projected to result in approximately $40 million in run rate annual operating expense savings starting in 2025.
Further, we expect the CDMA network shutdown to be accretive to 2024 adjusted operating income. For capital expenditures, we expect to invest between $550 million to $650 million as we continue our mid-band 5G deployment while prudently managing the level of this investment and the free cash flow of our business.
I will now turn the call over to Michelle Brukwicki, Michelle?

Michelle M. Brukwicki

Thank you, Doug, and good morning, everyone. I'm pleased to report on TDS Telecom's 2023 accomplishments on Slide 15. We are successfully executing on our fiber growth strategy that began many years ago. We had strong momentum in 2023, which is positioning us well for 2024. We ended 2023 with all of our expansion communities initially launched.
In 2023, we exceeded our fiber address delivery goal by adding 217,000 new marketable fiber service addresses. That's up 24% from our initial 2023 target, and it's quite an accomplishment for this team. As we make progress on our fiber deployments, we also focus on growing broadband penetration.
For the year, we grew total broadband connections 6%, mainly from growth in our expansion markets. And finally, to address the broadband needs of our most rural markets, we successfully secured enhanced A-CAM funding, which provides us with $90 million of annual regulatory revenue support for the next 15 years. That's $1.3 billion in total, in exchange for delivering high-speed broadband to approximately 270,000 addresses.
Turning to Slide 16. Let me describe the vision we have for TDS Telecom. We are transforming ourselves into a fiber broadband company. We're doing this through investments in all of our market types, expansion, cable and ILEC markets. First is our fiber expansion program. Today, we have 370,000 service addresses in our expansion markets. They are 100% fiber, and we plan to continue growing our footprint in our expansion markets over the next several years.
Next, are our cable markets. We have approximately 500,000 cable service addresses, which are already enabled with 1-gig speeds using DOCSIS 3.1 and fiber. 16% of our cable addresses are fiber today. And going forward, we will add more fiber opportunistically in certain markets and in new greenfield areas.
And finally, in our incumbent wireline markets, which we also refer to this as our ILEC, we have just over 800,000 service addresses today. 43% of those addresses are fiber doc. We've been working to bring higher speeds to our ILEC for over a decade. Enhanced A-CAM will help us put even more fiber into our ILEC network in order to meet the required speeds of 100 megabits per second down and 20 megabits per second up. The EA-CAM builds are expected to take place over the next several years. So as you can see, we have plans for how we will serve customers in each of our market types. We have many investment opportunities ahead of us with our fiber expansion and EA-CAM builds that will require capital spending.
As we've consistently stated, we will prioritize our projects and continue to pace and manage our spending on these investments to stay within prudent capital and leverage levels.
Moving to Slide 17, I'll review our longer-term goals that we've set at TDS Telecom. We have been making solid progress on these goals. First, across our entire footprint, we're targeting approximately 1.2 million marketable fiber service addresses. We added 89,000 fiber addresses in the fourth quarter, which is our highest quarter to date. We ended the year with 799,000 total fiber service addresses. So we've accomplished 2/3 of our goal already. We are targeting 60% of our total service addresses to be served by fiber. We ended 2023 with fiber to 47%. This reflects progress in growing fiber through our expansion markets as well as fibering up our incumbent markets.
And finally, we are expecting to offer speeds of 1-gig or higher to at least 80% of our footprint. We finished 2023 with 72% at gig speeds, and that's a combination of our fiber and DOCSIS 3.1 technologies.
Another important metric to measure the success of our fiber program is broadband penetration. The lower-right graph shows our business case expectations for broadband penetration and our new expansion markets. We expect to achieve penetration rates of about 40% in a steady state, which is generally year 4 or 5. We are meeting or exceeding our business case expectations at the same time that we're growing our footprint.
On Slide 18, you can see that we grew our total service addresses 12% year-over-year. Shown on the right side of the slide, we are increasing take rates for higher broadband speeds, with 76% of residential broadband customers choosing 100 megabits per second or greater, and 16% are choosing 1-gig or higher at the end of the quarter. Our broadband investments are producing positive results.
As shown on Slide 19, we had 7,200 residential broadband net adds in the quarter, which contributed to a 6% growth in residential broadband connections for the year. This was largely driven by increases in expansion markets.
Net additions from our expansion in ILEC fiber markets more than offset the connection losses in copper and cable markets. Average residential revenue per connection was up 5% in the quarter due to price increases and product mix, partially offset by increased promotional activity.
As shown in the chart on the right, we grew residential revenue 6% in the quarter, with expansion market revenues increasing to $23 million. As expected, our commercial revenues decreased 13% in the quarter as we continue to decommission our CLEC markets.
On Slide 20, I will share some financial highlights. Total operating revenues increased 2% in the fourth quarter and 1% for the full year, as residential revenues offset commercial and wholesale declines. Almost 70% of our 2023 fiber service addresses were completed in the back half of the year. As such, we are just starting to ramp up penetration and revenues in those markets.
Cash expenses decreased 4% in the quarter and increased 2% for the year. Adjusted EBITDA grew 19% in the quarter and was down 2% for the year. Remember that cost to get a community initially launched are incurred upfront before revenues start to grow. We are now starting to see more expansion market revenue growth along with very disciplined cost management across our organization, which is resulting in an improved adjusted EBITDA this quarter. Full year capital expenditures of $577 million were up from the prior year due to increased investment in fiber deployments.
We had great momentum with our fiber builds in 2023, so we opportunistically chose to pull capital forward and get more service addresses than we originally planned. We also added more internal construction crews, which required upfront investment in 2023 but are expected to benefit build costs in future years.
On Slide 21, we provided guidance for 2024. We are forecasting total telecom revenues of $1.07 billion to $1.1 billion. This reflects our goal of top line growth driven by continued improvements in residential revenues, primarily from our expansion markets, offsetting pressures in our ILEC copper markets. Adjusted EBITDA is expected to be between $310 million and $340 million in 2024.
As previously discussed, we incurred upfront costs in 2022 and 2023, to get our new expansion markets launched. As penetrations and revenues grow in those markets, we expect to see adjusted EBITDA increase.
In 2024, we're planning to deliver about 125,000 fiber service addresses. We pulled forward some CapEx spend in addresses into 2023, so we'll be slowing the pace of our builds and our spending in 2024. Again, we'll resize and pace our capital expenditures commensurate with our financial capacity. With that said, capital expenditures are expected to be between $310 million and $340 million in 2024.
And we believe we can deliver a meaningful number of fiber service addresses with lower capital spending in 2024 for the following reasons. First, all of our expansion markets have been initially launched. That means our upfront capital spending is behind us, and we can leverage the foundational systems that we put in place over the last several years. Second, we have also invested in our own internal construction crews to supplement building out fiber in certain areas. These crews provide us with both operational and financial flexibility. And finally, another reason CapEx is expected to be lower in 2024 is because we will be doing planning and engineering for our EA-CAM builds during 2024. We do not expect capital spend on these projects to ramp up until after this year.
Along with that, we have pulled back on capital in our incumbent markets, knowing that EA-CAM investment will be coming soon. Although capital spending on new fiber builds is expected to be lower in 2024, we will not be slowing down our sales efforts. We will be very focused on ramping up broadband penetration and revenues across all of our deployed fiber addresses during 2024.
Before turning over the call, I want to once again thank the team. We have an amazing group of associates who navigated a dynamic and challenging year. The team has demonstrated time and again they can execute and pivot as the business evolves. We ended the year with a lot of momentum, and I look forward to what 2024 brings.
I'll now turn the call back to Colleen.

Colleen Thompson

Okay. Just as a reminder, we will not be answering questions related to the strategic review of UScellular today.
Operator, we are ready for the first question.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Our first question comes from Ric Prentiss from Raymond James.

Richard Hamilton Prentiss

A couple of questions. First, I think people are a little surprised that there's a shelf filing at USM for, I guess, it says it's a mixed shelf debt preferred or maybe some depositary shares. Explain to us, what's the purpose of that shelf? And I've got 2 other quick follow-ups.

Vicki L. Villacrez

Yes, Ric, first off, the shelf filing, we made a shelf filing actually both at TDS and at UScellular. Right now, we're giving ourselves flexibility to keep all our options open. This is really an administrative at this point, and it's in conjunction with replenishing our shelves. And specifically at UScellular, our shelf was set to expire in May, and we're getting ahead of it with the 10-K filing. So at this point, we don't really have any specific current intentions to use it now.

Richard Hamilton Prentiss

Okay. Second question is, LT you talked and Doug, you talked about churn and gross adds on the postpaid side. Looking at Slide 7, obviously, there had been a tick up even seasonally on the churn side. I think you also mentioned you're going to focus in '24 on retention. How should we think about churn going into '24? Is third and fourth quarter indicative of kind of what we think is happening in the competitive universe? Or are you going to really be attempting to get down back to prior year levels?

Douglas W. Chambers

A few things with that. One is when you look at the fourth quarter churn, about half of that increased about 5 basis points was due to some involuntary churn that got pushed from Q3 to Q4 based on some systems issues we had with our collections queue. So that's one time that's not going to recur. And as LT mentioned during his remarks, we're very focused on retention in 2024 and investing a lot of our promotional dollars in maintaining our existing customers.
So our expectation, or our goal in 2024 is to bring churn down. I will say early in '24, we've seen some good signs. And we ought to keep highly focused on postpaid handset churn in particular.

Richard Hamilton Prentiss

Okay. And then on the tower segment, obviously, some pressure there. CapEx spending in the industry has kind of slowed down a little bit. I know in the past, we've talked about why not put in place a tower segment reporting, right, of anchor contract between UScellular wireless and UScellular towers. Can you update us as far as thinking about why not put in place a contractual relationship between UScellular towers and UScellular wireless?

Laurent C. Therivel

Ric. So I mean, that's kind of 2 questions there. I mean, the first is from a slowdown perspective, this is industry-wide, not surprising. As we've heard, both all the other wireless carriers report pullback in CapEx, they're primarily complete with their mid-band rollout. And so everybody is pulling back a bit from a spend perspective, and that affects new tenancies, it affects amendments. And you've also seen that in all the other tower companies' earnings results. And so we're not immune to that.
Long term, we do remain really bullish on our towers. We have I believe, strong MLAs in place with all the wireless carriers. My sense is that, I mean, without knowing their strategy, my sense is DISH is taking a breather after hitting their last build-out obligation, but they've got more to come.
If I fast forward what's going to drive further capacity expansion in the wireless industry, there's no new spectrum on the horizon. We can talk about this on a -- in a different topic. I mean the SEC doesn't even have spectrum authority right now. And so there's no new spectrum on the horizon. So the way to add capacity is going to be more radios and more towers, and that means more long-term growth for the tower segment. And so we remain optimistic about it even though we did see a bit of a slowdown in '23, and we expect that slowdown to increase in '24.
As far as your question about separate segment reporting, we continue to evaluate it, frankly, and to be transparent on this, this is one of those things that once you do it, you can't dial it back. And so we're trying to be deliberate and disciplined about what information we provide and when and how we provide it. We have heard you and others in terms of a desire to have more information on our towers, and we provided that. And so we continue to provide more detail on that tower business. The separate segment reporting is not something that we're ready to pull the trigger on just yet, but that may be something we do in the future.

Operator

Our next question comes from Simon Flannery from Morgan Stanley.

Simon William Flannery

To start off, do you have any sizing of any exposure to ACP across the businesses?

Douglas W. Chambers

Simon, yes, we do. So we're under-index in ACP. We have about 20,000 ACP customers. And so we just don't have a lot there. Our marketing teams are working on giving those customers a soft landing to the extent that ACP does go away, which is the current expectation. And so the short answer is minimal exposure.

Vicki L. Villacrez

Yes. And Simon, in the TDS Telecom side, very similar story. We have about 19,000 customers enrolled in ACP, and we, too, are following the FCC's direction in terms of winding down that program. We're working with all of those customers in order to try to find the right broadband product for them. There might be a little exposure there to customers who may not land with us but we actually also see this as an opportunity. There's ACP customers of other companies that might be looking for a new provider, and we'd be happy to serve them and we've got efforts in place to try to attract those customers. So impact should be minimal and anything is included in our guidance.

Simon William Flannery

Great. That's very helpful. And then on the wireless affiliates, some -- just looking at the guidance, it seems like the expectation is for fairly similar contribution to EBITDA in '24 versus '23. Is that right? And any comments on the trends there or any growth expectations on that?

Douglas W. Chambers

Yes, you're exactly right, Simon, we're expecting that to be relatively flat in '24 relative to what you saw in '23. So no significant changes there. And obviously, we don't directly control those entities or the distributions, but our expectation is pretty flat.

Simon William Flannery

Great. And then just the last one on the BEAD timing. I know LT, you talked about the program on the 5G. In working with your states, I know we're going through sort of challenge processes and so forth. But what's your latest view on when we'll actually see actual awards take place and when we'll know more about the FWA role and so forth?

Laurent C. Therivel

So I think dollars, Simon, will probably start to flow late this year. I think the majority of dollars will probably start coming in, in 2025. I also expect to have a bit of a, call it, a sequenced or you could call it a take 2 on funding plans. My expectation is that states will first come out with quite aggressive plans in terms of expectations of fiber build-out, expectations of low-cost pricing plans, expectations of a whole bunch of other, let's call it, overhead associated with those plans. It will be interesting to see how much uptake they get, right? Is this -- is round one of BEAD going to be a tremendous success? Or is round one of BEAD is going to be (inaudible) off all over again. I think that's a question that still needs to be answered.
Based on our conversations, I still feel quite optimistic about the long-term role of fixed wireless that we can play, particularly for our more rural states, it's unclear to me if that will be kind of part of the first round, with some of the states that we're talking about, or it's going to be later. But I wouldn't expect meaningful dollars to flow until next year.

Operator

Our next question comes from Michael Rollins from Citi.

Michael Ian Rollins

Just following up on the BEAD topic. When you look at UScellular as well as TDS, can you frame the type of financial capacity you have to go after BEAD opportunities? And if there are significant wins, how does that influence capital allocation for each side or both?

Laurent C. Therivel

Mike...

Michelle M. Brukwicki

LT, do you want me to take that first TDS?

Laurent C. Therivel

Sure. Go ahead, Michelle.

Michelle M. Brukwicki

Yes. So Mike, for TDS Telecom, there is an important distinction here. So there -- the 2 federal broadband programs. The first one is the Enhanced A-CAM Program, and the second one is BEAD. And it's our understanding that if addresses are under the Enhanced A-CAM Program, which we opted into in almost all of our states, those addresses also cannot be funded by BEAD, which makes sense that you wouldn't have 2 federal programs funding the same addresses.
So because we've opted to be a large participant in the EA-CAM program, at TDS Telecom, we actually don't plan to be a BEAD participant. So for capital allocation, our competing priorities are our fiber expansion program and the Enhanced A-CAM program, and BEAD does not enter into that equation in any significant way.

Laurent C. Therivel

So let me tackle it from a fixed wireless perspective, Mike. So the first place I would point to is where there are going to be BEAD opportunities that can be served within the radius of our current tower build. Where we can do that, it's a pretty simple equation. We utilize existing mobile capacity. The -- we leverage that capacity towards serving a fixed wireless need. And if we can do that with the support of BEAD dollars, all the better. And so for those homes and businesses, we think we have a really compelling return on capital equation that comes along with that. What percentage of those are going to be? I have no clue, right? We kind of have to wait and see what the states come out with.
There's a second set of homes, obviously, that are not currently reached by either fiber or by a sufficiently strong enough mobile signal that we can deliver a compelling fixed wireless product. And for that, you need to put a new tower in. The reason that we've advocated for BEAD is, and the reason -- I'll go back to our sequencing point that I made earlier. I expect the BEAD will create a significantly denser fiber grid, completely irrespective of fixed wireless. So that will bring our overall cost down to serve.
And if I can -- I've mentioned this number before, but our cost to put a tower in rural America is between $650,000 to $1 million. If with BEAD dollars, I can bring that down to $100,000 or $200,000, then that could create a pretty compelling investment opportunity. I'll point you, though -- from an overall high-level guidance, I'll point you to the priority that I finished our conversation with about 2024, which is we're laser-focused on return on capital. And so if there are BEAD opportunities in '24 or in '25, that help us expand return on capital, meaning we can have really efficient use of our internal capital spend, and we can drive attractive returns on it, we'll participate. If it's not a good use of capital, we won't.
And I've also made that really clear to both the states and to NTIA. These programs have to be structured in a way that it's a positive return on capital equation, not just for UScellular, but for anyone that's going to participate. And so if we were to expand our capital spend in the future because of BEAD, it would be because we see returns that are over and above the current ones that we would expect as part of our long-term plan.

Michael Ian Rollins

And just one other for you, LT. Going back to Slide 7, I mean, just looking at the trajectory of postpaid handset gross adds. And I'm wondering if you can unpack a bit more of what's happening on the gross at front for UScellular? And are there opportunities to start to bend the curve on this and get greater output on that front?

Laurent C. Therivel

Yes. The -- I mean the thing that has driven the slowdown in gross adds, it's a pretty simple equation, and it's been the expansion and the rise of the cable wireless players. If I rewind 3 years, they had a share of essentially 0 in our marketplace or in the markets where we operate across our footprint. Even though we see cable competing, by now, in about 2/3 of our footprint, they're still not everywhere. And their market share is still only in the 3% to 4%, but their share of gross adds is about 15%.
And so how are they able to do this? Well, it's really twofold. The first is they offload almost 90%, depending on which statistics you look at, let's call it, 90% of their traffic is offloaded to WiFi. But for us, that number is about 80%. So 80% of the usage of our devices is done on WiFi versus 20% is on cellular. And that doesn't sound like a big difference until you think about it from a usage on cellular perspective, and then you say, okay, well, 10% of a cable device user is on cellular and they have to turn around and pay for that from a wholesale rate perspective, whereas 20% of our usage is on cellular. So double the usage on the cellular network.
And so their overall network economics are quite attractive. And you couple that with their ability to essentially cross-subsidize their plans with profits from their wireline business, different people can agree whether or not it's [across] with a wireless is a profitable business for the cable wireless players or not. But these are smart people, and they're driven by economics. And so they wouldn't be in the business if they didn't find a way to make money, and I think they're either making money on wireless even with the price competition they're putting in place, or at the very least, they're breaking even and they're seeing the benefit on churn.
And so the combination of better offload economics, coupled with being able to cross subsidize with their wireless plans, it makes a difference. And we've got spectrum in our markets that offering a $29 plan for a month with one line free. So you're talking $15 a month unlimited on the Verizon network, that's significant price pressure that's been put in place over time, and that's affected us. It's affected everybody in the industry. I mean that is the major driver of change that has occurred.
And so how do you deal with that? Well, I mean the first is, and we talked about this earlier in the call, we're really investing in retaining our customers. We invest in trying to provide a great customer experience. We've invested significantly in our digital platform, that's there to ensure that customers have a smooth and seamless experience. We've put aggressive promotions in place. We went through the holidays with existing -- same as new pricing, and you can expect us to [pole set] in and out throughout the year. And so step one will be to really continue to invest in customer retention.
And the second step, and this is a big one for us, is to continue to enhance our network experience. We talked about rolling out mid-band. Everywhere will be modernized for 5G, we see better customer results and higher customer perception of our network. Everywhere where we roll out mid-band, we see the same thing. And so we've pivoted our capital spending. We buy in the large -- we haven't completed it, but we've slowed the rest of our 5G modernization. By now, you've already got 80% of our traffic being carried on 5G-modernized sites. So we've pivoted the capital spend towards mid-band. And that mid-band investment will create a better customer experience. And we think it will compete well in the marketplace. And the combination of a good network experience with an attractive price point. It's always been network and price that operates in our industry, we can -- we expect that to continue.
But that's the fundamental change, Mike, in the industry, has been over the last couple of years has been the rise of cable wireless. I don't see that changing in the near term. I continue to think that we offer a really attractive alternative of a great network and an attractive price. We're going to keep doing that. We're going to keep competing. But that's what's driven the challenges in gross adds, and that's what we're doing to address it in the future.

Michael Ian Rollins

And one other quick one. You mentioned the overlap of cable in terms of the competitive nature against the wireless footprint that you have. What's the overlap competitively with the big 3 wireless national providers?

Laurent C. Therivel

So we see them in -- you mean the 60% some-odd that I quoted in terms of the percentage of our markets where we compete against them. And you're asking what that number would be for AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile?

Michael Ian Rollins

Yes. For each of them, what's the percent overlap against each of those 3 national wireless players?

Laurent C. Therivel

Do you know that, Doug?

Douglas W. Chambers

Yes, it's substantially all. It's greater than 90% for all the big 3.

Operator

Our last question will come from Sergey Dluzhevskiy from GAMCO Investors.

Sergey Dluzhevskiy

My first question is for LT on fixed wireless. So this C-band being deployed and in general, mid-band range being deployed for you, how does that impact your approach to fixed wireless over medium term? And also, what is the addressable market that you see with fixed wireless now that you have all your spectrum that we can deploy over the next few years? And also, how do you think about the capacity needs for fixed wireless over the next few years?

Laurent C. Therivel

So let me start with the overall market opportunity. I've referenced this number in the past. It hasn't changed. We see the overall opportunity for this business at around 400,000 subscribers. That's a combination of 2 factors, and it's a combination of the market dynamics where we believe this product is competitive versus the network dynamics of -- I mean, this is a product that rides on top of the investments that have been made in mobility.
I've been transparent about this in the past. This is not a product that pays for itself, right? It doesn't pay for all the capital requirements that are needed to put new radios and new towers in place. And so you put capacity in place for the mobile subscriber and then you pivot that capacity where you have it available and you serve the needs of fixed wireless. And so you put those 2 things together. We see a market opportunity of about 400,000.
Usually, you would see growth rates starting to slow as you reach the kind of customer scale that we've reached. So when you first roll out a product, the first 5,000, the first 10,000 customers, you see fantastic growth, right? But then as you start hitting scale, the numbers become more challenging. The real impact of mid-band for us is all of a sudden, we can offer a drastically faster product that competes in not just in rural areas, not just in -- on an underserved and not just where the competitor is DSL or satellite or nothing. We can offer 300 megs on a mid-band enabled product. And so that competes extremely well against cable. And so we expect that mid-band product to be the key driver of growth going into 2024 and in 2025. And it opens up new geographies for us.
As I mentioned, we should have 30% of our towers carrying almost 50% of our traffic fired up with mid-band by the end of the year. We'll be doing that on a steady cadence. And every time we upgrade a product -- we upgrade a tower with mid-band, that shows up in -- for our stores as an opportunity to sell an enhanced broadband product to our fixed wireless customers. And so the net impact of it all is that we expect that attractive growth that we've seen in fixed wireless to continue, notwithstanding, right, the fact that business continues to scale to larger and larger numbers. So hopefully, that gives you a sense about how we're thinking about it and the impact of fixed wire -- I mean, excuse me, of mid-band.

Sergey Dluzhevskiy

Yes. And my second question is for Doug. You've made some progress, obviously on cost optimization program, but it's still a focus for you in 2024. If you could provide more color on maybe which cost categories do you see as opportunities for more meaningful cost reduction over the next 12 to 18 months. How should we think about that?

Douglas W. Chambers

Yes. Well, Sergey, first of all, you see the progress we've made on that. And when you look at our 2022 margin compared to our 2023 margin, it went from 25% to 27%, as we talked about in our remarks, the program is working. And just to emphasize, we have this program organized across our business. We have 12 campuses. We have accountability from all of our leaders and everybody is delivering on this program.
So it's been really successful. We'll continue to go across the whole business for savings. We still have opportunities in really all of our areas. But as far as where most of the dollars are, it sort of follows our P&L, right? So we have a lot of dollars, of course, in engineering OpEx that will continue to provide significant savings as well market in IT. So we've really are proud of what we've done so far. There's more to do, and it's going to be across the business.

Laurent C. Therivel

And Sergey, I'll just chime in. Thank you for directing the cost question to the CFO, but the CEO occasionally has something to do with it too. So I won't dump it all on Doug.
One thing that we've seen a lot of success is our efforts around automation and our efforts around transparency and flexibility for our customers. And so the example I'll give there is the upgraded bill that we provided to our customers. So we both -- we've rolled out a new bill format. The first change that we made was almost a year ago, where we changed our approach to prorations. The second thing that we've done is we've recently launched an entirely new format for our customers, providing them a lot of transparency, what they can expect, how the bill breaks down, what they can expect the following months. It's all automated. That has significantly driven down cost to care, that significantly reduced what I would call, service-driven visits to our stores. We still love to see our customers in our stores, so it does not bother me.
But it helps if a customer is walking in the store with the intent to buy rather than with a billing question. And so simple moves like that, moves that are focused on transparency, moves that are focused on flexibility, they're upfront investments that we make, but they'd also bring down costs, but they bring down costs without any kind of a negative experience on the customer. In fact, it's a positive experience on the customer. And you can probably expect to see more of those automation and digital investments from us in this year and beyond as well.

Sergey Dluzhevskiy

Got it. And my last question is for Michelle. So you've made significant investments obviously in expanding your fiber footprint, and you still continue with your fiber build. I guess, given where you are right now in terms of pacings, how do you feel about conversion of your pacings into paying fiber customers? And also, maybe if you could provide more color as far as what has been working lately for you in terms of conversion of pacings into paying customers? And what still needs to be improved in your opinion, in 2024?

Michelle M. Brukwicki

So yes, we have had a lot of success in continuing to grow our footprint and getting our builds really progressing in 2023. We had our biggest year yet. And what we're seeing in terms of customer sales and conversions into our service address is actually becoming paying service addresses is meeting and exceeding what we had expected to see. And this is happening generally across all of the markets that we've been launching. So in our broadband penetration, we do have a chart in one of our slides that shows you how we expect that broadband penetration to ramp over the first few years after addresses get launched.
In year 1, we expect it to be about 25% to 30%. So of the addresses that we launch, about 25% or 30% of those addresses turn into paying customers. And that's what we're seeing. And then slowly over the next few years, that continues to build until you get to about a steady-state of what we expect about 40% broadband penetration in those markets. So a few of our markets have been launched and around for long enough to be able to get to steady-state. And in all of those early markets, we are over the 40% broadband penetration that we had been looking for. So we're really pleased with how the builds have been going and then also how the sales and marketing and customer conversion processes have been going.

Operator

We have no further questions. I'll turn the call back over to Colleen Thompson for closing remarks.

Colleen Thompson

Okay. Thanks, everyone, for your time today. Please reach out to IR with any additional questions, and have a great weekend.

Operator

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.