UnitedHealth Group (UNH) Q4 2023 Earnings Call Transcript
UnitedHealth Group (NYSE: UNH)
Q4 2023 Earnings Call
Jan 12, 2024, 8:45 a.m. ET
Contents:
Prepared Remarks
Questions and Answers
Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good morning and welcome to the UnitedHealth Group fourth-quarter and full-year 2023 earnings conference call. A question-and-answer session will follow UnitedHealth Group's prepared remarks. As a reminder, this call is being recorded. Here is some important introductory information.
This call contains forward-looking statements under U.S. federal securities laws. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical experience or present expectations. A description of some of the risks and uncertainties can be found in the reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the cautionary statements included in our current and periodic filings.
This call will also reference non-GAAP amounts. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP amounts is available on the Financial and Earnings Reports section of the company's Investor Relations page at www.unitedhealthgroup.com. Information presented on this call contained in the future -- in the earnings release will be issued -- we issued this morning in our form 8-K dated January 12th, 2024, which may be accessed from the Investor Relations page of the company's website. I will now turn the conference over to the chief executive officer of UnitedHealth Group, Andrew Witty.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Thank you and good morning and thank you all for joining us today. As we conclude 2023 and embark on a new year, I'd like to express my gratitude to our more than 400,000 talented colleagues who really are UnitedHealth Group. It's directly due to their tireless efforts over the past year that we expanded our opportunities to serve more people more comprehensively. As I reflect on our 2023 performance, certainly the shift in care activity among seniors was an important element for us to manage effectively. And the reduced Medicare Advantage funding outlook was a significant influence on how we prepared for 2024 and all the way through to 2026.
Despite the shift in care patterns and the commensurate pressure felt during '23, we have been able to both deliver on our growth commitments and invest and prepare for a reduced MA funding cycle over the next three years. Even considering these factors, 2023 marked a year of balanced sustainable growth for UnitedHealth Group. Importantly, we also strengthened the foundations from which we will continue to grow in 2024 and beyond. To illustrate briefly, during 2023, Optum Health approached growth of 900,000 more patients under value-based care. United Healthcare added over 1.7 million new consumers in its Medicare and commercial offerings. Optum Rx managed an additional 100 million prescriptions for people.
Should you invest $1,000 in UnitedHealth Group right now?
Before you buy stock in UnitedHealth Group, consider this:
The Motley Fool Stock Advisor analyst team just identified what they believe are the 10 best stocks for investors to buy now... and UnitedHealth Group wasn't one of them. The 10 stocks that made the cut could produce monster returns in the coming years.
Stock Advisor provides investors with an easy-to-follow blueprint for success, including guidance on building a portfolio, regular updates from analysts, and two new stock picks each month. The Stock Advisor service has more than tripled the return of S&P 500 since 2002*.
*Stock Advisor returns as of January 8, 2024
Optum financial handled more than $500 billion in consumer payer and care provider payments. And Optum Insight facilitated more than 23 billion electronic transactions. The increasingly impactful ways we can engage with patients, consumers, care providers, and customers resulted in revenue growth of over $47 billion and adjusted earnings-per-share growth of over 13% in 2023. Look into '24, '25, and beyond, we will continue to drive quality, simplicity, affordability, and accessibility to help improve healthcare systemwide. And we remain confident in and committed to our long-term 13% to 16% adjusted earnings-per-share growth rate. Having held our investor conference just six weeks ago, I'll take only a few minutes this morning to recap what you should expect from us this year, starting with our work in value-based care.
Value-based care for us is a proven way of overcoming many of the widely recognized shortcomings of a fee-for-service-based health system such as fragmented consumer experience and incentives that can emphasize volume over quality. Our value-based offerings and power physicians to provide more connected coordinated and comprehensive care align incentives among consumers, care providers, and health plans deliver better health outcomes, and improve costs. At the end of 2023, Optum Health served more than 4 million patients in fully accountable value-based arrangements in partnership with many dozens of health plans. By the end of this year, Optum Health will grow to serve at least another 750,000 patients under such arrangements, for a total of more than twice the number of people we serve just two years ago. Yet even with the strong growth and significant investments we've made, our market presence is still quite modest and the opportunity expansive. Four million patients served, just a small fraction of the many more people whose health ultimately will benefit from these models of care and a total Optum Health revenue base, which today represents only 2% of the $5 trillion U.S.
healthcare system spend. We have a considerable distance to go to achieve the broad positive systemwide impact for people's health we believe we can help drive. Turning to our consumer focus. We're working hard to help consumers more easily find experience and pay for healthcare, and that includes using their health benefits.
An example of our progress can be seen in the results of United Healthcare's commercial benefits business. The most recently completed selling season was among our strongest in recent years. The majority of this growth will come from our relationships with large employers, among the most sophisticated buyers of health benefits. Our customers tell us we're -- we are focused on what their employees value most: lower cost, simpler experiences, and adaptable benefits that meet their unique needs and circumstances. And the consumer NPS for these new innovative products is some 20-plus points higher than traditional health plans. We have more to do.
Our goal is to become the trusted source for healthcare information and advice; a go-to marketplace for health services, payments, and benefits, all through a few simple taps on a consumer's phone. One of our larger consumer offerings is Medicare Advantage, which I'd like to touch on briefly. We're proud of our long track record of growth and of delivering for the people who choose our offerings. During the recently completed annual enrollment period, we added about 100,000 more consumers, and we remain committed to our full-year goal of 450,000 to 550,000. We believe our assumptions of ongoing care activity and approach to supplemental benefit management are entirely appropriate for the environment we are planning for and feel positive about our positioning for growth entering this three-year period. One additional item as we close out the year.
To achieve our enterprisewide long-term goals, we must consistently ensure best use of our resources, both time and capital, to enable us to serve people more effectively and deliver value for our shareholders. As you likely saw, we recently agreed to the sale of our Brazil operations where our dedicated colleagues served people with care and compassion. We highly value the relationships we've developed over more than a decade in Brazil. After carefully evaluating our best course, we ultimately determined a sale was the right step for the people we serve and for us to best focus our energies on the many compelling growth opportunities that we consistently discuss with you. And with that, I'll turn it over to Dirk McMahon, UnitedHealth Group's president and chief operating officer. Dirk?
Dirk McMahon -- President and Chief Operating Officer
Thanks, Andrew. Our growth is rooted in innovation and our intense desire always to do better. We're investing heavily in ways to accomplish that, increasing digital engagement and using AI to be more efficient and then measuring our performance through Net Promoter Scores to be sure we're hitting the mark. The impact of our digital engagement efforts was evident in our 1/1 performance metrics. As Andrew noted, we brought on one of our biggest cohorts of new people served via our commercial offerings, and our technology played an important role in making the process work well.
Since last month, the UHC mobile app consistently ranked No. 1 or No. 2 in the Apple App Store medical category and on Google Play. Through the first week of the year, mobile app installs were up over more than 100% year over year, and our chat volume was more than twice our historical average. At Optum Rx, digital investments enabled us to bring on a record number of new clients who brought with them more than 3 million new consumers, onboarded with improved customer service scores and at an overall cost 8% lower than last year; more consumers served; higher satisfaction; and lower costs.
Our investments in AI and other advanced technology play an important role in improving customer service and productivity throughout the enterprise. For example, we are removing repetitive tasks from our workflows by using AI to help with tasks such as responses to consumer inquiries, updating provider directories, and summarizing interactions with customers and patients. This frees up our service staff and clinicians to focus on solving more complicated tasks for the people we serve. And recently, we launched a new capability where we use real-time admissions and discharge data to engage high-risk MA members immediately after an emergency department visit, connecting them to follow-up care to ensure higher quality post-admit outcomes and avoid readmissions. This rapid response driven by timely clinical data has improved member engagement rates by over 300% and has an NPS of 83. NPS remains a vital way to measure how we're performing for our customers and consumers and how our digital initiatives and other efforts are impacting those measures, and leading to improved retention. A couple of examples, through digital optimization, we're providing consumers with on-demand access to care, highly personalized benefits information, real-time support, and integrated pharmacy capabilities.
This is translating into significant NPS improvements in many of our businesses. And we've removed friction from the system through expanded access to 24/7 virtual visits and United Healthcare's efforts to eliminate nearly 20% of prior authorizations. Throughout '24, you should expect to see an even greater investment in our digital capabilities as we continue to identify opportunities to leverage technology to reduce administrative costs, improve productivity, and further enhance the consumer experience at both Optum and United Healthcare. And now, I'll turn it over to John Rex, UnitedHealth Group's chief financial officer. John?
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Dirk. Our colleagues' ongoing focus on further expanding and strengthening the foundations which underpin our growth pillars is paving the way for consistent growth in 2024 and beyond. Revenue in '23 of 372 billion grew by over 14% with double-digit growth at both Optum and UnitedHealthcare. Fourth-quarter adjusted earnings per share of $6.16 grew 15% and brought full-year adjusted earnings per share to $25.12, growth of 13%.
As Andrew noted earlier, at the end of December, we entered into an agreement to sell our Brazil operations and expect to close in the first half of this year. Upon closing, we expect to record a charge of approximately 7 billion, the majority of which is noncash and largely due to foreign currency translation losses accumulated over several years. The impact of this one-time charge will be excluded from our '24 adjusted earnings per share measure. For your modeling purposes, the full-year '24 outlook incorporated about 6 billion of revenue for Brazil, or about 1.5% of consolidated revenue. Before reviewing our business results, I'll offer some brief comments on care activity.
Care patterns remain consistent with those we shared with you in the first half of '23. Activity levels continue to be led by outpatient care for seniors with orthopedic and cardiac procedure categories among the more prominent. As we've noted, our benefit design approach assumed these activity levels persist throughout '24, and the care patterns we observed exiting '23 reconfirmed that decision. On the margin, we saw some modest late-year seasonal activity such as strong and welcome response from seniors to schedule physician visits to receive RSV vaccinations. In some cases, these were accompanied by additional necessary care being obtained, especially for people that had not seen a physician in some time a positive outcome for people's health. In sum, though, as we reflect on full-year '23 results, overall care activity was broadly in line with the views we've shared earlier. And as we enter '24, we're confident in the response of pricing and benefit design actions we undertook with care patterns continuing to be supportive of our care ratio outlook of 84% plus or minus 50 basis points.
Turning to the performance of our businesses in '23. Optum Health's revenues grew by 34% to over 95 billion as we increase the number of patients served under value-based care arrangements by about 900,000 to more than 4.1 million, expanded services in the home, and broadened and deepened the levels and types of care we offer. Optum Insights revenues grew 30% to 18.9 billion. We concluded the year with a revenue backlog of 32.1 billion, an increase of 2.1 billion over the last year.
This growth was driven by our diverse and expanding product portfolio which connects many of the key stakeholders across healthcare. Whether it's launching new decision-support solutions for providers, claims editing software for payers, or simplifying the payment process for all, our continued investments are fostering the next phase of Optum Insight growth. Optum Rx revenues grew 16% to over 116 billion, driven by the continued addition of new clients, expansion within existing relationships, and organic growth of our pharmacy services businesses. In 2023, both customer retention and new wins were among the best Optum Rx has delivered. At UnitedHealthcare, full-year revenues of over 281 billion grew nearly 13%.
Adding to Andrew's earlier comments, within Medicare Advantage, we expect a majority of our full-year growth outlook to be realized outside the annual enrollment period with the growth patterns consistent with those we have experienced over more recent years. Our Medicaid enrollment outlook for 2024 balances two key elements: First is that state redetermination activities will be largely completed by midyear; and second, that growth within existing states, such as North Carolina, and other new opportunities will partially offset these impacts. Within our domestic commercial offerings, we expect to serve about 1.5 million additional people in '24, a strong result, and we are encouraged by the continued positive customer response we are experiencing as we look ahead. Our ample capital capacities continue to underpin our long-term growth objectives. Cash flow from operations in '23 was 29 billion, or 1.3 times net income. We returned nearly 15 billion to shareholders through share repurchase and dividends and deployed over 10 billion in growth capital to build for the future.
To summarize, our '23 performance and start to the new year further solidifies and reinforces our confidence in both the '24 and long-term growth objectives we shared with you at the end of November. Now, I'll turn it back to Andrew.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, John, and thank you, Dirk. Heading into 2024, I hope you all sense our confidence. We have talented people who are committed to our effort to help build a simpler, more consumer-friendly health system for the people we serve. And we're well positioned to continue to deliver on the well-established commitments we've made.
Operator, let's open it up for questions.
Questions & Answers:
Operator
Thank you. The floor is now open for questions. [Operator instructions] We'll go first to Justin Lake with Wolfe Research.
Justin Lake -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst
Thanks. Good morning. Wanted to touch on the on the cost trend commentary. Specifically, you know, between the Investor Day and the end of the year, looks like the MLR was a little bit higher.
Can you tell us what -- what you saw there over that last month? Maybe give us some color, John. I know you guys did a great job in the second quarter of getting ahead of cost trend and utilizing some of those facility -- facility kind of insights that you have on scheduling, etc. You know, we're trying to figure out whether this is just seasonality or a -- you know, a further pickup in utilization given the Q3 to Q4 that you saw. So, maybe you could tell us what you saw, you know, seeing into January.
And just tell us where you think the Q1 comes in versus the -- the full year. Thanks.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Hey, Justin, thanks so much for the question. Let me just make a couple of comments, and I will ask John Rex to give you a little bit more detail on -- on -- on the area you just talked about. So, you know, I think, overall -- as we look at '23 overall, it came in, you know, very much in the sort of zone we expected, you know, toward the top end of that zone, but very much within the zone of what we're expecting for the full year and we signaled back in the middle of the year. And the bulk of that story is driven by the outpatient shift in behavior around seniors that we talked about back in June.
You're right, though, post the investor conference, what we certainly saw was a pickup in some, you know, seasonal activity, each of which individually are kind of, you know pretty small, but added together, just made a bit of a difference in that last run out of the quarter, around things like RSV vaccination, which -- which has brought with it, dragged with it, if you will, some extra utilization of services from seniors who've come in for their vaccine. Listen, to be clear, all of that is good news for healthcare, right? So, these are seniors, many of whom had not been to the office for a long time, they've come back in and now got vaccinated. The physicians have picked up other things while they've been there. So, a little bit of that going on combined with a little bit of heightened COVID activity just as we rolled out of the year, none of which we really think is durably impacting our outlook for '24.
So, we feel very solid around our '24 guidance point of 84, plus or minus 50 bps. And maybe I'll ask John just to give you a little bit more click-down kind of insight into -- into all of that. Go ahead, John.
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, good morning, Justin. You're absolutely right. So, the prime factor here, when you think about the full-year view and where we ended up being what we talked about much earlier in the year in terms of the outpatient care activity among senior populations. And that continuing consistent with what we saw back much earlier in the year and very supportive of what we staked out in terms of the benefit design that we stepped into '24 with, in particular for senior populations in our Medicare Advantage products. So, all those elements very much supportive of that of that view and the -- and the activities we undertook earlier in the year.
As it relates to kind of where we -- where we landed the full year, so, 10 basis points is really above kind of what we indicated at the investor conference back in November of differential. And Andrew hit on those items, let me just kind of take it a little bit deeper here. So, definitely, some typical seasonality involved in there and the incremental elements where I point out a couple of items. Seniors did really respond strongly to RSV vaccinations and scheduled physician visits. Sometimes those physician visits, what we noted were driving other care activity around that.
So, in some cases, seniors that hadn't perhaps been to a physician in a little while, and so they visited their PCP, got an RSV vaccine. And then, in the meantime, their PCP were able to close some additional care gaps as they were there. It's a great thing because some of these seniors hadn't been in for a while. So, important activity to occur there in the fourth quarter. So, that was one of the elements that we would -- that we saw there.
As it relates to kind of what we were seeing with elevated care costs for COVID, what we saw in the -- in the fourth quarter and particularly in December, overall, we've been noticing is that COVID admits for inpatient stays are running a higher cost per case than we when we traditionally saw. That actually kind of makes some sense. They are more intense cases typically that are going into inpatient, say. I will say we did notice in December that the total level of COVID admits were probably 50% to 60% above the October, November average that we had seen, so that was kind of the highest part of the year in terms of COVID inpatient admits. If I take those elements in sum together that more than accounts for the 10 basis points differential in our full-year view, Justin, as it pertains to your second question, as we look out into the next year and what we see in terms of patterns, I would call it, you know, patterns commensurate kind of with what we saw this year in terms of just the -- the movement, with this kind of 84% view that we view for the -- for the -- for the full year. As I step back and reflect just kind of thinking about where -- broadly where -- where the analyst consensus is, you -- you picked particularly 1Q, it's kind of in the right.
It looks like an appropriate zone in terms of stakes out there for -- for what one would expect. So, thank you, Justin.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, John, thank you. And Justin, thanks for the question. Appreciate that. Next question please, operator.
Operator
We'll go next to Josh Raskin with Nephron Research.
Josh Raskin -- Nephron Research -- Analyst
Hi, thanks. Can you describe the competitive environment for Medicare Advantage? And I'm specifically thinking about how you've adjusted benefits in 2024 as part of a three-year process. I don't want to put words in your mouth, but it sounds like you're trying to adjust for the majority of the risk model changes in one fell swoop. And I'm curious how you think that plays out and positions you not just for '24, but then for '25 and '26 as well.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Hey, Josh, thank you so much. Before I ask Tim Noel to give you more -- more detail on your question, I mean, listen, I think -- I think, you know, the way we've looked at the shift in the rate notice is it is a three-year set of adjustments. And that's why we've been very thoughtful about how we plan, not -- not just, frankly, benefit design but how we continue to accelerate our management of opex through the organization, how we've continued to focus on eliminating unnecessary care and waste within the system through our various medical management capabilities. So, it's really a three-pronged set of agendas which we're going to be focused on over the next three years. And we've been very very thoughtful about making sure that we are setting those tables in a way which we can be sustainable on through this cycle.
So, that we're not taking sharp left turns or right turns halfway through the period. With that kind of kind of overall perspective, maybe I'll ask Tim to give you a little bit more deep dive on the competitive environment and how he's -- how he's very specifically planning for this.
Tim Noel -- Chief Executive Officer, Medicare and Retirement
Yeah, thanks, Josh, for the question. So, yeah, I agree with Andrew's comments. And a couple of things to start with is there's been a number of, you know, changes to the Medicare Advantage and Part D programs over the last 18 months to two years that are really phasing in over multiple years. And as we plan for 2024, we once again took a very rational view to the environment and also a long-term view with always our overarching goal being benefit stability for our members.
As we step into a -- as we step into benefit planning in future years, we really feel like we've got a very thoughtful way to respond to all of those changes that will be encountered by the Medicare Advantage and Part D programs into 2025 and beyond. And certainly, as we look forward, we don't believe that we have any material pricing catchup to do in future periods and feel like we've got a very thoughtful response to the changes that will be encountered by the program into 2025 and 2026. So, we think the forward view of our competitive outlook is quite solid and quite strong as we think about growth over the long term.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Thank you very much. Next question please, operator.
Operator
We'll go next to A.J. Rice with UBS.
A.J. Rice -- UBS -- Analyst
Hi, everybody. Just I apologize, it's sort of granular, but we're getting asked a lot of questions about it. The two metrics, days claims payable down a couple days year to year sequentially, some from third quarter; and then the prior period development being down 100 million maybe accounts for some of the variance on MLR, I'm guessing. I don't know if that's what you are guiding for when you update it -- last updated your outlook, but any comment on that as well?
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Let me -- let me ask John to address that, A.J. Thank you.
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, good morning A.J. So, first, on the days claims payable, so 2.8-day sequential decline two days year over year. So, primarily, the single largest factor would be exactly what you pointed to: the change in prior-period development. So, that has a significant impact if you look about the year ago where we're in prior period development and where we were even the 3Q.
So, the significant impact on -- on that part that would be the other -- the -- the -- the main factor. In terms of other contributing factors that we saw, we did see in the -- in the fourth quarter some modest acceleration in provider claims submission timing. So, just speed up in terms of those -- those submissions, how quickly we're receiving them from data service and in terms of receipt. We also saw a -- noted that is it -- as it related to the fourth -- or to the fourth quarter, some higher claims intensity in the first part of the quarter, particularly October.
So, that's a factor that impacts the denominator, medex per day in the days claims payable metric, and that was a piece that was in that also. As it relates to the $100 million of unfavorable medical development in the quarter, put that mostly the items that we were talking about in the -- in my response to Justin's questions. So, the -- the respiratory-related activity that we saw in there, the -- the modestly higher cost per case for inpatient COVID admits, really kind of -- those were the -- the main factors that we -- that we had in there in terms of contributing to then favorable development. Thank you.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
It's a good question A.J. And, you know, as John just said, even -- even back in the sort of second half of Q3, we saw -- we've seen subsequently that this RSV pickup and this phenomena of more services being delivered around the vaccination was already starting as we were rolling out through Q3, which is really what explains that. So -- so, in many ways, this kind of Q3 issue -- kind of Q3 issue of negative development and then this slight pressure at the end of the year, it's kind of the same story and -- and which is why we don't -- we don't feel it has any real direct relevance in terms of thinking through 2024. Thanks for the question, though.
I appreciate that. And next question please, operator.
Operator
We'll go next to Lisa Gill with J.P. Morgan.
Lisa Gill -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst
Thanks very much. Good morning. I want to go to Optum Health and just maybe talk about the medical cost trend there. John, just going specifically to the comments that you made, did you see something similar in Optum Health, or are we seeing anything different there? And then, also I just want to understand the -- the claim lag there. We've heard from some others that, you know, there can be a pretty big claim lag when we think about, you know, the providers versus the payers.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
So, let me ask John to start and then maybe ask Heather to make a couple of comments on the claim dynamic. Go ahead, John.
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yes, Lisa, so -- so, definitely could have seen seniors obtaining RSV vaccinations and some of the respiratory activity that was going on in the quarter. So, some broadly similar features. For Optum Health, one of the comments that we've made throughout the year, though, also has to do with the progression here of taking on a large block of -- of new membership. So, we took on about 900,000 new members as we started the year. And one of the comments we've made throughout the year is engaging with these members because the most important thing we need to do is have a clinical engagement with these members in terms of start improving their health outcomes, getting them in to see physicians, having our clinicians interacting at having interacting with them. And it's a comment we've made throughout the years, we've seen the -- the Optum Health margin progression.
So, one of the, you know, great things, we probably started the year kind of roughly a 20% engagement level with that knew that 900,000-member block, we exit the year having engaged with about 80% of these members. Super important factor as we think about Optum Health as we think about 2024 and how and that progression. And that's been a big focus of the team at Optum Health all year long of getting that engagement in so we can have impact on their health. But far and away, that's it, especially given what this population is like. They typically have complex needs, that's important. Another really important marker, as it relates to the new membership that patients that we're bringing in to Optum Health for 2024 again, so I talked about that 20% engagement level we started '23 with.
For 2024, we're going to start at a 50% engagement level with that new membership. So, we're making advances in that, that's exactly what we should expect from -- from the team. Their efforts have been -- have been really really strong. Thanks for the question.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, John. Maybe, Heather, you could comment on Lisa's question around claims. And then, I'd like to ask Amar also to follow up on your perspective on engagement and what's driving that. Please go ahead, Heather.
Heather Cianfrocco -- President, Optum
Sure, so the only thing -- the thing I would add to -- so, appreciate -- on top of John's point, when you think about engaging that -- the -- the patient early, then, you know, it's really in the clinician's hands. And I think about the way we think of our clinicians is that importance to your point about visibility then to kind of action. And the way we think about our clinicians is once we get that engagement, and as John said, early engagement is so important, then our clinicians having the tools, and I think, you know, we've been -- what's really essential for us is those 130,000 clinicians having visibility early, what to do next. And the first thing is that they've got, you know, the technology, they've got solutions around them, they've got referral management practices that they can engage with high-quality specialists when they need to for outpatient -- for outpatient procedures. And then that they've got the supports in behavioral health and the home and community-based -- home and community services that we've been investing heavily in over the last year.
And then, the last thing I would point to is the contract protections that we've been focused on with our payers. To be sure that the structures are in place so that our clinicians can practice in a responsible way, they have got visibility into the dynamics that are happening with the patients and then they've got the supports in place with the payers.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Amar?
Amar Desai -- Chief Executive Officer, OptumHealth
Yeah, thanks for that question. Look, I think I reiterate the point around our highest-risk complex members where we're engaging at a two times higher rate than the same time last year. And within engagement and our clinical programs, I'd focus around referral management and high-value evidence-based medicine programs, including our optimal care program where a majority of our clinicians are engaged with. These evidence-based programs are able to get patients that care -- the care that they need and, importantly, get the support with the provision of wraparound services, including specifically home-based services so that the highest-risk groups have their care connected from the primary care setting into the home. Thanks for the question.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Amar, thanks. And John, maybe just to tie up the whole question.
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, and Lisa, tying up just on the last part of your question here regarding visibility into care activity claims, like I said, no, we don't -- that's not a a factor. Just given the model of Amar's business and how those groups run, we -- frankly, it's one of the areas where we get probably early sensing mechanisms in terms of the care activity that's going on is one of the early sensing mechanisms from much earlier in the year when we were able to talk about what we were seeing in these senior populations and their -- the care activity within these orthopedic and other procedures, so that, that's not a factor. In fact, if anything, it's probably a strength of the organization.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, thanks, John. And, Lisa, thanks so much for the question. And we obviously just spent a couple of minutes there talking about engagement. And -- and I hope that gave you a strong sense of some of the progress we've made over the last 12 months in this area.
I would say we're night and day in a different position today than we were a year ago in terms of our ability to be engaged with these complex -- complex patients, making sure our physicians are ready to go. That's a really important aspect of what's building our confidence for 2024. And I make no apology for just spending a couple more minutes making sure you hear some of the great work that's gone on over the last year to ensure that we've got these very high levels of engagement and real substance behind that engagement so that these patients will be supported and managed really positively going through '24. That's what then underpins and unlocks the whole opportunity of value-based care for Optum Health. Lisa, thank you for your question and I move on to the next question.
Operator
We'll go next to Stephen Baxter with Wells Fargo.
Stephen Baxter -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst
Yeah, hi, thank you. I was hoping you could talk a little about what you're seeing for cost performance in the group commercial or exchange or Medicaid businesses. When you step back, is this appropriate to attribute, you know, all the pressure really you've seen in 2023 to seniors, or should we be mindful of anything else there? Thank you.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Stephen, thanks so much. Maybe ask Brian, just to give you a kind of overarching summary of what UHC has seen in its different books of business. Brian?
Brian Thompson -- Chief Executive Officer, UnitedHealthcare
Yeah, I appreciate that. Thanks, Stephen, for the question. I think I'll just lead with I feel really good, not only about how we finished the year in UnitedHealthcare in 2023, growth at the top end of our ranges, performance, running positions across the board, but also, as we step into the businesses for 2024, I feel very good about the key assumptions that underpin our plan and very optimistic. And you mentioned a couple of areas. You're right, as we've discussed some of these elements with respect to cost trends, they are centered in our senior community. And I think the message around those other businesses, nothing to see here and really aligned with our expectations, some good stability and durability in the underlying elements, both utilization and unit cost of our trend outlook, and obviously feel very confident in how we're showing up competitively when you look at our growth outlook.
So, very optimistic about UnitedHealthcare, durability and those other lines that you're suggesting, and a lot to look forward to here in the year.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Right. Thanks, Brian. Next question, please.
Operator
We'll go next to Lance Wilkes with Bernstein.
Lance Wilkes -- AllianceBernstein -- Analyst
Great, thanks. Can you talk a little bit about Optum Rx, the drivers of growth in the quarter, in particular, top line? And then, if you could comment a little on revenue per Rx. And do you have any programs that -- either in the fourth quarter or in '24 that you've been rolling out that are capturing some of the increased demand on topics like GLP-1s that might be contributors to some of the strong performance? Thanks.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Hey, Lance, thanks so much for the question. Before I ask Patrick to -- to start the response on Optum Rx I -- you know, first off, I just want to note a super strong selling year for us in Optum Rx, probably our best ever, extraordinary and across a wide range of categories, plans, public service, states, as well as obviously commercial, and really really pleased with the differentiated product offering really built on transparency choice, and of course, cost. And so, you know, we feel we -- we've built a strong momentum in '23 rolling into '24. Patrick, you may want to go a little deeper, maybe share a little detail on weight engaged specifically around the question that Lance raised around GLPs.
Patrick Conway -- Chief Executive Officer, OptumRx
Yeah. Thanks, Lance, for the questions. So, as Andrew said, really diverse growth, both new business and high retention rates. So, one of our best-selling years ever. I'd also call out the pharmacy services expansion, the organic growth there across the diverse set of pharmacy services, cost management, and then last, as you mentioned, new products and services.
Just to call out one, weight engaged, so comprehensive management, medication provider support, client support, lifestyle modification, digital, so a comprehensive solution across Optum, not just Optum Rx partnering with Optum Health and Optum Insights. Already live with clients and robust interest in the marketplace because patients, members, employers want comprehensive solutions that demonstrate better health outcomes at lower total cost of care.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Thanks so much, Patrick, and Lance, thanks for the question. Next question, please.
Operator
We'll go next to Kevin Fischbeck with Bank of America.
Kevin Fischbeck -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Great, thanks. I guess I'm still just struggling with the concept of 2023 coming in worse but this having no impact on the 2024 outlook. I mean, are you -- are you saying that the incremental pressure is really just like flu RSV and therefore unlikely to replicate at these levels next year? Because the negative development speaks to costs earlier in the year also coming in worse, which implies that the baseline is -- the core baseline is also higher. So, can you just help me reconcile, you know, why this isn't raising the base for next year? And I guess within that, you may feel comfortable with the -- with the guidance range for MLR, but is there a reason to be at the higher end of the range to start the year, or is the midpoint still where you're orienting? Thanks.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
So, I'll ask John to go a little deeper. Obviously, as you know, Kevin, we've -- we've set a -- an MLR target next year, which is in fact higher than the actual close out for this year, in any case, which takes into consideration some of that kind of elevation, you know, which we've seen throughout the year. So, I'm going to call it the core elevation associated with the outpatient senior behaviors that we've -- we've been talking about now for several quarters. And then, as -- as we've -- we've talked a little bit already, this end of Q4 type of small seasonal seasonality variation, we don't think is really durable or relevant to the rest of the year. But John -- John, maybe go a little deeper on that.
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Sure. Good morning, Kevin. So, yes, so the elements that contributed to the unfavorable development being around respiratory activity, that was going on as seniors came in to get vaccines, and other care was being delivered and such and that higher inpatient cost per case for the COVIDS admits that we're seeing. So, those would largely be the -- the prime contributors of the elements that we are seeing here in terms of the -- that unfavorable. So, you're actually correct in your assumption, that doesn't impact our run-in assumption as we think about our -- our outlook for 2024 and which -- so, keeps us right squarely in where we thought we'd be as we were at our investor conference and staking out the 84%, plus or minus 50 basis points.
Really as we look across the scope of our businesses and we think, reflect on how we performed in 20 in -- in '23, the scope of it being very much with what we saw back in midyear of -- of 2023 that this is the run-in factors are about outpatient care activity among senior populations which we incorporate into our bids. The elements that you're appropriately referring to in 4Q, again, not factors impacting our view at all in terms of how we staked out '24 and how we expect to perform in '24. So, really good -- good question.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
And I'd also just add, I mean, you know, we -- as you would fully expect, Kevin, you know, we're reviewing the leading indicators of care activity, you know, frankly, daily, weekly, monthly and have been all year. And we've also been investing significantly in increasing numbers of early warning signals, if I can put it that way, to strengthen our radar capability to see this. And, you know, I can tell you we're really not seeing any deviation from what we've been telling you all year in terms of the core activities across the system. These seasonal bumps at the end of the year, you know, obviously a little different. But -- but in terms of outpatient utilizations, all of those lines of activity that we've been discussing at different times with you, the patterns there, you know, very supportive of -- of how we've stepped out for '24.
Thanks for the question. Next -- next question, please.
Operator
We'll go next to Scott Fidel with Stephens.
Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst
Oh, hi. Thanks. I was hoping to just hop back over to -- to Optum Health for a second, and just as it relates, one, to the -- the margin targets that you gave us at Investor Day for the 7.78%, just want to see if those are still the appropriate targets for 2024. And then, maybe if we could walk through the -- the sort of pacing exercise with OH margins, you know, given the expected step up from the exit rate in the fourth quarter, you know, how you're thinking about those OH margins for 1Q and then sort of pacing over the course of the year. Thanks.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Scott, thanks so much for the question. I'm going to ask Dr. Desai to decide to make a couple of comments, and then I'm going to loop back to John just to talk through some of the phasing of the year around margin on that. But bottom -- bottom line, no change in our guidance for Optum Health.
We feel good about where we've staked out for Optum Health next year. You know, a ton of work done during 2023 to strengthen the business. You saw that beginning to show through as we roll through the second half. We continue to expect that to be a very strong driver of improvement as we go into 2024.
A lot of that work we talked about already today around engagement is a key element of our confidence in being able to build our profile of that business. And, Amar, maybe you could go a little deeper, and then John can close out with discussing on the progression.
Amar Desai -- Chief Executive Officer, OptumHealth
Hey, thanks for the question, Scott. we're confident in our 7.7% to 8% target for 2024. We've discussed engagement in detail. the second important piece is our medical management programs, which we've scaled effectively.
I talked a little bit about optimal care and evidence-based guidelines. What I would reiterate is the work we're doing across our network with payment integrity, again, with the idea of being able to provide the right support services across our network. The last piece I would also hit on is our initiatives around opex, which have been progressing well and are on track, drove an operating efficiencies, and G&A discipline across the organization, and really with focus on work consistency, in our systems, and unification of our operating platforms. So, we feel very good about the 7.7% to 8% as we go into '24.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Right. Thanks so much, Amar. John?
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, Scott, good morning. So, as Amar said, I still feel very good about where we established our margin objectives for -- for 2024. The elements -- super important here is again how these new patient cohorts progress as they -- as they come into our business. And we're able to engage with them clinically and improve their health outcomes, make sure we're able to close care gaps and the progress that Amar's teams accomplished during 2023 in terms of getting those engagement levels. Well, we'll -- we'll assist a lot in terms of the health of the people that we're serving here and particularly this cohort from 2023 to 900,000 new patients that we're able to serve and how -- how that business -- how that business performs over the course of the year.
So, that's a big step into it. Another big step into it is this group of 750,000 new patients that came on to the business. The fact that we're able to get engagement levels significantly higher than we were at last year with the new cohort will help also. So, it gives us a lot of confidence in where we're stepping out in terms of serving these people throughout the course of the coming year. In terms of your -- your comment, you'd expect typical then seasonality factors to weigh in to the -- how the quarter -- how the quarters perform. So -- so much -- much more think about that as seasonality factors that are probably having impact here.
So, typical in terms of seasonal factors that we would have experienced this year, starting with a -- with a stronger base that sets us up well to – to -- to reach our targets.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Right. Thanks, John. next question.
Operator
We'll go next to Erin Wright with Morgan Stanley.
Erin Wright -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Great, thanks so much for taking my questions. So, a question on Optum Rx. Over the past year, there's been some evolving dynamics around -- and news flow around the regulatory changes for PBMs' unbundling. There was some news flow there as well as pharmacy reimbursement model changes such as cost plus-type of approach.
I guess, how are you thinking about the potential implications of some of these dynamics, if any at all? And do these dynamics have a material impact on Optum Rx? Or how are you thinking about those profit drivers remaining intact kind of going forward for the PBM? Thanks.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Erin, thanks so much for the question. Let me ask Heather to give you some comments. As you know, Heather's been very very involved with the various legislative processes, and it'd be good to get her perspective on that.
Heather Cianfrocco -- President, Optum
Sure, thanks. So, maybe just -- just quickly, I'll say, you know, completely respectful of the evolving dynamic and -- and -- and just make the headline that, you know, our -- our business is incredibly dynamic. You know, I'd be remiss if I don't say, you know, again, at this juncture, that we continue to engage because it's incredibly important to note that, you know, in a space where affordable drugs, affordable prescription drugs to consumers is on everybody's mind, including ours, and that's what the PBM is built to do. You know, we are really pressing to make sure that policymakers understand that it's important to preserve choice for clients.
It's important to make sure that we -- in that we preserve value-based structures because we know that value-based is the way to ensure that, you know, we deliver lower price -- lower-cost drugs, and we can't break that -- that alignment of incentives where PBMs work with payers to reduce costs; and that, you know, it is incredibly important that, you know, discounts remain because there's -- there's no indication that rebates drive less costs, less prices up. The PBMs work as a counterweight against the -- against high drug costs. That being said, you've seen in our model how diverse the business is. And across Optum Rx, across the PBM, across the pharmacy services, it's a multitude of businesses. And we really listen to our clients.
We exist on -- on behalf of our clients, and we compete in a highly competitive market, and we win because our model translates. It translates in transparency, it translates in innovation, and it translates in partnership to our clients. So, we'll follow the client, we'll be incredibly respectful of the legislation. But I feel really good that we act quickly, we act responsibly, and we work toward value, and you see that in the results, you see that in the growth, but most importantly, you see that in the client validation of the model. So, I feel good about where we're positioned.
I feel good about the experience in 2023 as a guide to that, but feel really confident in the growth in '24.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Heather, thanks so much, and Erin, thanks very much for the question. You know, I'm sure there'll continue to be debate around this area. High drug costs of course is a big issue for everybody. First and foremost, we need to see less prices come down.
That -- that's the most important thing that can make a big difference here. I would say that, you know, as you look at all the different ideas which float up from time to time around reform in this area, there really isn't anything that we don't offer in some form or fashion to our clients and our customers. And the reality is we think that's the right position. We think we should be offering a portfolio of different tools, different product designs, which allows people to choose what's right for them, because what a state wants, what a union wants, what a corporation wants differs. And it's super important that their views are taken into account here.
We believe we do that well in the diversity of our product offering, and that's what's underpinning our record growth and it underpins our confidence for '24. Appreciate that, Erin. Next question.
Operator
We'll go next to Nathan Rich with Goldman Sachs.
Nathan Rich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Great, good morning. Thanks for the question. I wanted to ask, on the Medicare AP enrollment that you talked about, the 100,000 lives that you added, I guess were there any differences in terms of, you know, what consumers responded to this year or differences in the retention rate relative to what you're expecting? And just, you know, can you help us think about the drivers of membership growth over the year, you know, as you -- you know, needed to, to get to the guidance that you gave for the full year?
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Nathan, thanks so much for the question. Let me ask Tim Noel to give you that.
Tim Noel -- Chief Executive Officer, Medicare and Retirement
Yeah, thanks for the question, Nathan. So, you know, once again, the Medicare environment -- selling environment is -- is highly competitive. And we probably saw one of the more aggressive years of pricing than -- that we've ever seen in the 2024 session. We guided at investor conference to growth of 450,000 to 550,000 lives, which is a little bit more modest than we have grown in past years, but it's reflective of our response to the new risk model changes, what we saw in outpatient utilization patterns early in '23 and reflecting that into 2024 pricing.
And as we close out AP, I would say that we were a little bit light against what we were thinking kind of end of November. Most of that actually in the group business. Some of the very aggressive benefits, a little bit more switching drove some of our term rates, a bit higher in AP than we were initially thinking. But we still feel like we're going to have a much heavier weighting of our growth outside of the annual enrollment period from February to December. And this is really just a continuation of a trend that we have seen play out over the last five years.
Really and in fact, last year, we drove 430,000 lives of growth or about 60% of our total growth in the period from February to December. This is a portion of the selling season that we really do well in given our large dual footprint and also the fact that some of the selling in AP tends to be focused on some of those headline benefits that have been really aggressively positioned. And throughout the remainder of the year, there tends to be some switching back as folks think more deeply about things like network, the fulfillment of supplemental benefits, overall service, and delivery of product. So, you know, I guess the headline is -- is it is a very aggressive marketplace this year.
We feel like we're positioned really well for '25 and '26 on how we've priced and very pleased with what we've done so far and excited about our opportunity once again to have a really great growth and selling period from February to December of '24.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Right, Tim, thanks so much. Last question, please, operator.
Operator
We'll go next to Gary Taylor with Cowen.
Gary Taylor -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
Hi, good morning. Most of my questions been asked. I'll throw this one at you. We've been seeing more articles about health systems dropping their MA contracts.
Some of those articles cite United. I know, historically, most of these types of contracts that -- you know, conflicts that make the press historically ultimately come to terms. So, I'm just wondering, is this a -- just a media thread, or do you think there's something more measurable happening here with your health system partners?
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Hey, Gary, thanks so much. Let me ask Brian to respond to that.
Brian Thompson -- Chief Executive Officer, UnitedHealthcare
Hey, Gary, thanks for the question. I would say, overall, the disruptions that we see in the market this year are, I would say, at or even lower than historical comparisons on average leaving 2023. I will say, though, that any disruption for our consumers is too much. They come to rely on an in-network provider relationship, they have a coverage expectation from their health plan.
So, we obviously want to avoid that type of network disruption, and we, however, do need to balance that ambition with affordability. Now, as we speak specifically to the Medicare Advantage space, we did have some deals that came down to the wire, and I do think that had some impact on AP. And again, going to Tim's commentary around our conference February forward, where we have those deals intact, I think you'll see that response in our growth as well. But again, on average, really not much change overall compared to historical periods on disruptions.
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, no, it's well said, Brian. And I think you know, obviously, Gary, we -- you know, what you're seeing here is -- is we're working on really hard on behalf of our clients, on behalf of patients, on behalf of government to make sure that we're getting the very best cost associated for the care delivered. And it's important that that negotiation is -- is robust. And, you know, the good news is that the overwhelming majority get resolved. We -- we really don't like to see disruption happen.
Unfortunately, occasionally it does. But -- but rest assured, you know we're making good progress in this area. As Brian said, no, no real kind of difference in outcome to what we've seen in previous years. With all of that, let me say thank you for all of your questions, very much appreciated.
And as you've heard, we're confident in our mission, focused on our growth pillars, delivering innovation that matters, and disciplined in our operations and in our approach to the market. And we look forward to delivering on our commitments in 2024 to our customers, patients, and shareholders. Very much appreciate your attention this morning. Thank you and look forward to talking with you between calls. Thank you very much.
Operator
[Operator signoff]
Duration: 0 minutes
Call participants:
Andrew Witty -- Chief Executive Officer
Dirk McMahon -- President and Chief Operating Officer
John Rex -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Justin Lake -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst
Josh Raskin -- Nephron Research -- Analyst
Tim Noel -- Chief Executive Officer, Medicare and Retirement
A.J. Rice -- UBS -- Analyst
Lisa Gill -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst
Heather Cianfrocco -- President, Optum
Amar Desai -- Chief Executive Officer, OptumHealth
Stephen Baxter -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst
Brian Thompson -- Chief Executive Officer, UnitedHealthcare
Lance Wilkes -- AllianceBernstein -- Analyst
Patrick Conway -- Chief Executive Officer, OptumRx
Kevin Fischbeck -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst
Erin Wright -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Nathan Rich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Gary Taylor -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
This article is a transcript of this conference call produced for The Motley Fool. While we strive for our Foolish Best, there may be errors, omissions, or inaccuracies in this transcript. As with all our articles, The Motley Fool does not assume any responsibility for your use of this content, and we strongly encourage you to do your own research, including listening to the call yourself and reading the company's SEC filings. Please see our Terms and Conditions for additional details, including our Obligatory Capitalized Disclaimers of Liability.
The Motley Fool recommends UnitedHealth Group. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
UnitedHealth Group (UNH) Q4 2023 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool
